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Mitochondrial differentiation during the early development of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana.

ABSTRACT: During the early development of Artemia there is an increase in mitochondrial enzyme activities of about one order of magnitude, whereas the activities of two cytoplasmic enzymes tested as controls remain unaltered. The mitochondrial enzyme activation correlates with (i) large changes in mitochondrial morphology, (ii) a 5-fold increase in the amount of the H+-ATP synthase beta-subunit and (iii) a dramatic increase in the steady-state level of mitochondrial mRNAs, whereas mitochondrial rRNA concentrations remain mostly unchanged. In contrast, the level of mitochondrial DNA does not change significantly during the first 20 h after resumption of development. After hatching, the mitochondrial DNA content increases twice in parallel with one round of cellular division, thus indicating that mitochondrial and nuclear replication are coupled in Artemia postgastrular development. The data presented strongly suggest that mitochondrial maturation in the absence of significant mitochondrial proliferation is responsible for the dramatic increase in mitochondrial function that takes place after resumption of development in Artemia.

SUBMITTER: Vallejo CG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1217079 | biostudies-other | 1996 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Since Darwin's time, waterbirds have been considered an important vector for the dispersal of continental aquatic invertebrates. Bird movements have facilitated the worldwide invasion of the American brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, transporting cysts (diapausing eggs), and favouring rapid range expansions from introduction sites. Here we address the impact of bird migratory flyways on the population genetic structure and phylogeography of A. franciscana in its native range in the Americas. We examined sequence variation for two mitochondrial gene fragments (COI and 16S for a subset of the data) in a large set of population samples representing the entire native range of A. franciscana. Furthermore, we performed Mantel tests and redundancy analyses (RDA) to test the role of flyways, geography and human introductions on the phylogeography and population genetic structure at a continental scale. A. franciscana mitochondrial DNA was very diverse, with two main clades, largely corresponding to Pacific and Atlantic populations, mirroring American bird flyways. There was a high degree of regional endemism, with populations subdivided into at least 12 divergent, geographically restricted and largely allopatric mitochondrial lineages, and high levels of population structure (Φ ST of 0.92), indicating low ongoing gene flow. We found evidence of human-mediated introductions in nine out of 39 populations analysed. Once these populations were removed, Mantel tests revealed a strong association between genetic variation and geographic distance (i.e., isolation-by-distance pattern). RDA showed that shared bird flyways explained around 20% of the variance in genetic distance between populations and this was highly significant, once geographic distance was controlled for. The variance explained increased to 30% when the factor human introduction was included in the model. Our findings suggest that bird-mediated transport of brine shrimp propagules does not result in substantial ongoing gene flow; instead, it had a significant historical role on the current species phylogeography, facilitating the colonisation of new aquatic environments as they become available along their main migratory flyways.

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Mitochondrial differentiation during the early development of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana.

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