Ras activation in platelets after stimulation of the thrombin receptor, thromboxane A2 receptor or protein kinase C.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Shock DD
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1218100 | biostudies-other | 1997 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Signals ensuing from trimeric G-protein-coupled receptors synergize to induce platelet activation. At low doses, the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 does not activate integrin alphaIIbbeta3 or trigger platelet aggregation, but it induces shape changes. In the present study, we addressed whether low doses of U46619 trigger tyrosine phosphorylation independently of integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation and ADP secretion, and synergize with adrenaline (epinephrine) to induce aggregation in acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)-treated platelets. Low doses of U46619 triggered tyrosine phosphorylation of different proteins, including FAK (focal adhesion kinase), Src and Syk, independently of signals ensuing from integrin alphaIIbbeta3 or ADP receptors engaged by secreted ADP. The G(12/13)-mediated Rho/Rho-kinase pathway was also increased by low doses of U46619; however, this pathway was not upstream of tyrosine phosphorylation, because this occurred in the presence of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Although low doses of U46619 or adrenaline alone were unable to trigger platelet aggregation and integrin alphaIIbbeta3 activation, the combination of the two stimuli effectively induced these responses. PP2, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and Y-27632 inhibited platelet activation induced by low doses of U46619 plus adrenaline and, when used in combination, totally suppressed this platelet response. In addition, the two inhibitors selectively blocked tyrosine kinases and the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway respectively. These findings suggest that both tyrosine phosphorylation and the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway are required to activate platelet aggregation via G(12/13) plus G(z) signalling.
| S-EPMC1635449 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Diets containing high levels of monounsaturated, n-6 polyunsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were fed to Wistar rats. This resulted in decreases in the arachidonate content in platelet phospholipids to 91%, 79% and 51% respectively of the level found after feeding a diet rich in saturated fatty acids. In the presence of CaCl2, collagen- and thrombin-induced aggregation of washed platelets from the saturated-fat dietary group (with highest level of arachidonate) was low compared with that of platelets from the other dietary groups, despite a relatively high production of thromboxane B2. On the other hand, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet resulted in platelets aggregating actively, but producing low levels of levels of thromboxane B2. When indomethacin-treated rat platelets were activated with the thromboxane A2 analogue U46619, the presence of a second agonist such as collagen. ADP or thrombin was necessary for aggregate formation. U46619-induced aggregation in combination with either co-activator was relatively low in arachidonate-rich platelets, and was higher in platelets with a low arachidonate content. Similarly, phospholipase C-catalysed formation of L-myo-inositol phosphates was higher in platelets with a low arachidonate content. We conclude that the ability of platelets to react with thromboxane A2 is modified by diet in such a way that a decreased substrate-limited generation of thromboxane A2 is compensated for by an increased response to thromboxane, and vice versa. No significant differences were detected in the binding of U46619 or SQ29548 to platelets from the various dietary groups. Therefore the changed response seems not to be caused by modified properties of the thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors, but by altered transduction of the thromboxane signal.
| S-EPMC1151356 | biostudies-other
Project description:Background and purposeThromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptors (TP) interact with the ligand TXA2 to induce platelet aggregation and regulate hemostasis. Recently TP-mediated signaling has been suggested to function in multiple cell types in the brain. In this report, we aim to study the expression and physiological role of TP in microglia, in particular after brain ischemia.MethodsIschemic brain sections were analyzed for TP expression. Microglial cell line and primary microglia were cultured, or neuronal cell line co-culture system was used to determine the TP mediated signaling in inflammation and microglia activation.ResultsWe found that the TP level was significantly increased in ipsilateral mouse brain tissue at 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion, which was also found to partly co-localize with CD11b, a marker for microglial and infiltrated monocyte/macrophage, in peri-infarct area. Immunofluorescence staining of primary microglia and microglial cell line BV2 revealed the predominant membrane distribution of TP. Conditioned culture media from TP agonist U46619-treated BV2 cells decreased neuronal SH-SY5Y cell viability and induced apoptotic morphological changes. Furthermore, U46619 enhanced IL-1?, IL-6, and iNOS mRNA expression as well as IL-1? and NO releases in BV2 cells or primary microglia. Such stimulation could be attenuated by TP antagonist SQ29548 or MEK inhibitor U0126. The dose- and time-dependent extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation induced by U46619 further demonstrated ERK signaling-mediated microglia activation by TP agonist.ConclusionThis study has shown a novel role of TP in microglia activation via the ERK signaling pathway, which provides insights for the management of neuroinflammation in diseases like cerebral infarction.
| S-EPMC4731520 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The interindividual variation in the functional response of platelets to activation by agonists is heritable. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of quantitative measures of platelet function have identified fewer than 20 distinctly associated variants, some with unknown mechanisms. Here, we report GWASs of pathway-specific functional responses to agonism by adenosine 5'-diphosphate, a glycoprotein VI-specific collagen mimetic, and thrombin receptor-agonist peptides, each specific to 1 of the G protein-coupled receptors PAR-1 and PAR-4, in subsets of 1562 individuals. We identified an association (P = 2.75 × 10-40) between a common intronic variant, rs10886430, in the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 gene (GRK5) and the sensitivity of platelets to activate through PAR-1. The variant resides in a megakaryocyte-specific enhancer that is bound by the transcription factors GATA1 and MEIS1. The minor allele (G) is associated with fewer GRK5 transcripts in platelets and the greater sensitivity of platelets to activate through PAR-1. We show that thrombin-mediated activation of human platelets causes binding of GRK5 to PAR-1 and that deletion of the mouse homolog Grk5 enhances thrombin-induced platelet activation sensitivity and increases platelet accumulation at the site of vascular injury. This corroborates evidence that the human G allele of rs10886430 is associated with a greater risk for cardiovascular disease. In summary, by combining the results of pathway-specific GWASs and expression quantitative trait locus studies in humans with the results from platelet function studies in Grk5-/- mice, we obtain evidence that GRK5 regulates the human platelet response to thrombin via the PAR-1 pathway.
| S-EPMC9006276 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The signalling pathways that link G-protein-coupled receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinases involve receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases and protein kinase C (PKC). We explored the pathways that are implicated in the thromboxane (TX) A(2)-dependent activation of extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and the role of the two TX receptor (TP) isoforms, TP alpha and TP beta. ERK activation by IBOP, a TX analogue, was dependent on epidermal-growth-factor receptor (EGFR) in TP alpha- or TP beta-transfected cells and in human aortic smooth muscle cells (hASMCs), since AG1478, a selective inhibitor of tyrosine phosphorylation of the EGFR, strongly blocked ERK and EGFR phosphorylation. In addition, EGFR transactivation leading to ERK activation involved matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), since BB2516, an inhibitor of MMP, decreased ERK and EGFR phosphorylation in TP alpha- or TP beta-transfected cells. Moreover, we showed that both isoforms activate ERK phosphorylation in an Src-kinase-dependent manner, whereas PKC was mainly implicated in ERK activation and EGFR phosphorylation by TP beta. In hASMCs, we showed that ERK activation depended on both pertussis-sensitive and -insensitive G alpha-proteins. We demonstrated further that EGFRs, PKC, Src kinase and MMPs are involved in ERK activation by TX. The results of the present study highlight a role for MMPs and PKC in EGFR transactivation triggered by the TPs and demonstrate this mechanism for the first time in primary cells, i.e. hASMCs.
| S-EPMC1223323 | biostudies-other
Project description:The large conductance voltage- and Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel (MaxiK, BK(Ca), BK) is composed of four pore-forming ?-subunits and can be associated with regulatory ?-subunits. One of the functional roles of MaxiK is to regulate vascular tone. We recently found that the MaxiK channel from coronary smooth muscle is trans-inhibited by activation of the vasoconstricting thromboxane A(2) prostanoid receptor (TP), a mechanism supported by MaxiK ?-subunit (MaxiK?)-TP physical interaction. Here, we examined the role of the MaxiK ?1-subunit in TP-MaxiK association. We found that the ?1-subunit can by itself interact with TP and that this association can occur independently of MaxiK?. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that ?1 and TP are closely associated at the cell periphery. The molecular mechanism of ?1-TP interaction involves predominantly the ?1 extracellular loop. As reported previously, TP activation by the thromboxane A(2) analog U46619 caused inhibition of MaxiK? macroscopic conductance or fractional open probability (FP(o)) as a function of voltage. However, the positive shift of the FP(o) versus voltage curve by U46619 relative to the control was less prominent when ?1 was coexpressed with TP and MaxiK? proteins (20 ± 6 mV, n = 7) than in cells expressing TP and MaxiK? alone (51 ± 7 mV, n = 7). Finally, ?1 gene ablation reduced the EC(50) of the U46619 agonist in mediating aortic contraction from 18 ± 1 nm (n = 12) to 9 ± 1 nm (n = 12). The results indicate that the ?1-subunit can form a tripartite complex with TP and MaxiK?, has the ability to associate with each protein independently, and diminishes U46619-induced MaxiK channel trans-inhibition as well as vasoconstriction.
| S-EPMC3561584 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The thromboxane receptor (TPr) and multiple TPr ligands, including thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) and prostaglandin H(2), are elevated during vascular and atherothrombotic diseases. How TPr stimulation causes vascular injury remains poorly defined. This study was conducted to investigate the mechanism by which TPr stimulation leads to vascular injury.Exposure of bovine aortic endothelial cells to either [1S-(1?,2?(5Z),3?(1E,3R),4?]-7-[3-(3-hydroxy-4-(d'-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)-7-oxabicyclo-[2.2.1] heptan-2-yl]-5'-heptenoic acid (IBOP) or U46619, 2 structurally related TxA(2) mimetics, for 24 hours markedly increased the release of superoxide anions (O(2)(·-)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) but reduced cyclic GMP, an index of nitric oxide bioactivity. IBOP also significantly suppressed activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increased enzyme-inactive eNOS monomers, and reduced levels of tetrahydrobiopterin, an essential eNOS cofactor. IBOP- and U46619-induced increases in O(2)(·-) were accompanied by the membrane translocation of the p67(phox) subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of either NAD(P)H oxidase or TPr abolished IBOP-induced O(2)(·-) formation. Furthermore, TPr activation significantly increased protein kinase C-? (PKC-?) in membrane fractions and PKC-? phosphorylation at Thr410. Consistently, PKC-? inhibition abolished TPr activation-induced membrane translocation of p67(phox) and O(2)(·-) production. Finally, exposure of isolated mouse aortae to IBOP markedly increased O(2)(·-) in wild-type but not in those from gp91(phox) knockout mice.We conclude that TPr activation via PKC-?-mediated NAD(P)H oxidase activation increases both O(2)(·-) and ONOO(-), resulting in eNOS uncoupling in endothelial cells.
| S-EPMC3005129 | biostudies-literature
Project description:G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) interact with heterotrimeric G proteins and initiate a wide variety of signaling pathways. The molecular nature of GPCR-G protein interactions in the clinically important thromboxane A2 (TxA(2)) receptor (TP) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)) receptor (IP) is poorly understood. The TP activates its cognate G protein (G?q) in response to the binding of thromboxane, while the IP signals through G?s in response to the binding of prostacyclin. Here, we utilized a combination of approaches consisting of chimeric receptors, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis to precisely study the specificity of G protein coupling. Multiple chimeric receptors were constructed by replacing the TP intracellular loops (ICLs) with the ICL regions of the IP. Our results demonstrate that both the sequences and lengths of ICL2 and ICL3 influenced G protein specificity. Importantly, we identified a precise ICL region on the prostanoid receptors TP and IP that can switch G protein specificities. The validities of the chimeric technique and the derived molecular model were confirmed by introducing clinically relevant naturally occurring mutations (R60L in the TP and R212C in the IP). Our findings provide new molecular insights into prostanoid receptor-G protein interactions, which are of general significance for understanding the structural basis of G protein activation by GPCRs in basic health and cardiovascular disease.
| S-EPMC3554117 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThromboxane synthase (TxS) metabolizes the cyclooxygenase product, prostaglandin H(2), into thromboxanes. Some of the thromboxanes are known to be biologically active on cancer cells. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of thromboxane synthases, TBXAS1 and the thromboxane A2 receptor, TBXA2R in a cohort of human breast cancer patients and also to assess their potential clinical relevance.MethodsHuman breast tumour tissues (n = 120) and non-neoplastic mammary tissues (n = 32) were studied. Levels of TBXA2R and TBXAS1 transcripts were quantified using quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis and correlated with clinical/pathological information including nodal status, grade, prognosis and long term survival (median follow-up period 120 months).ResultsBreast tumour tissue expressed higher levels of TBXA2R compared with normal mammary tissues, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.09). There was no difference between tumour and normal tissues for TBXAS1. However, TBXA2R expression was significantly increased in grade 3 tumours(p = 0.006 vs grade 1), while TBXAS1 was significantly reduced in grade 3 tumours (p = 0.026 vs grade 1 tumours). A similar differential expression pattern was seen in tumours from patients with different prognosis, in that patients with predicted poor prognosis had higher, but not statistically different, levels of TBXA2R, and significantly lower levels of TBXAS1 (p = 0.008). Finally, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis has shown that patients with high levels of TBXA2R had significantly shorter disease free survival (103.8 (79.1-128.5) months) compared with those with low levels (123.7 (112.0-135.3)) months, p = 0.043.ConclusionThromboxane synthases are differentially expressed in human breast cancer. While TBXA2R is highly expressed in aggressive tumours and linked with poor prognosis, TBXAS1 is expressed at significantly low levels in high grade tumours and tumour patients with poor prognosis. TBXA2R thus has a significant prognostic value in clinical breast cancer.
| S-EPMC1289289 | biostudies-literature
Project description:A series of derivatives of the known thromboxane A2 prostanoid (TP) receptor antagonists, 3-(6-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamido)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propanoic acid and 3-(3-(2-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonamido)ethyl)phenyl) propanoic acid, were synthesized in which the carboxylic acid functional group was replaced with substituted cyclopentane-1,3-dione (CPD) bioisosteres. Characterization of these molecules led to the discovery of remarkably potent new analogues, some of which were considerably more active than the corresponding parent carboxylic acid compounds. Depending on the choice of the C2 substituent of the CPD unit, these new derivatives can produce either a reversible or an apparent irreversible inhibition of the human TP receptor. Given the potency and the long-lasting inhibition of TP receptor signaling, these novel antagonists may comprise promising leads for the development of antithromboxane therapies.
| S-EPMC4160754 | biostudies-literature