Browse
Submit Data
Databases
API
Help

Dataset Information

6 Views

0 Connections

0 Citations

0 Reanalyses

0 Downloads

Omics score: 0

Down-regulation by prostaglandins of type-II phospholipase A2 expression in guinea-pig alveolar macrophages: a possible involvement of cAMP.

ABSTRACT: We have demonstrated previously that isolated guinea-pig alveolar macrophages (AM) synthesize type-II phospholipase A2 (PLA2-II) through a tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-dependent process. This synthesis is enhanced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and accompanied by a release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the medium. Because agents elevating intracellular cAMP, such as PGE2, have been shown to stimulate PLA2-II expression in various cell types, we investigated the modulation of PLA2-II synthesis by cAMP in AM. Surprisingly, incubation of AM with PGE2, dibutyryl-cAMP, cholera toxin or rolipram (an inhibitor of specific cAMP-phosphodiesterase) inhibited both basal and LPS-stimulated PLA2-II expression. The inhibitory effect of PGE2 was observed at concentrations similar to those released by AM. Moreover, treatment of AM with either aspirin or neutralizing PGE2 monoclonal antibody stimulated PLA2-II synthesis. These effects were closely correlated with the ability of these agents to modulate TNF-alpha release, which was decreased by dibutyryl-cAMP and exogenous PGE2, whereas neutralizing PGE2 antibody markedly increased this release. Hence, in contrast to other cell systems, we report that: (i) agents elevating intracellular cAMP levels down-regulate both basal and LPS-induced PLA2-II synthesis, (ii) prostaglandins exert a negative feedback effect on this synthesis, probably through an elevation of intracellular cAMP levels, and (iii) inhibition of TNF-alpha release may account, at least in part, for the down-regulation of PLA2-II expression by endogenously produced prostaglandins and cAMP-elevating agents.

SUBMITTER: Vial D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1219112 | biostudies-other | 1998 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

ACCESS DATA

Json Xml

Similar Datasets

Interaction of Phospholipase A/Acyltransferase-3 with Pex19p: A POSSIBLE INVOLVEMENT IN THE DOWN-REGULATION OF PEROXISOMES.

Project description:Phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT)-3 (also known as H-rev107 or AdPLA) was originally isolated as a tumor suppressor and was later shown to have phospholipase A1/A2 activity. We have also found that the overexpression of PLA/AT-3 in mammalian cells results in specific disappearance of peroxisomes. However, its molecular mechanism remained unclear. In the present study, we first established a HEK293 cell line, which stably expresses a fluorescent peroxisome marker protein (DsRed2-Peroxi) and expresses PLA/AT-3 in a tetracycline-dependent manner. The treatment with tetracycline, as expected, caused disappearance of peroxisomes within 24 h, as revealed by diffuse signals of DsRed2-Peroxi and a remarkable decrease in a peroxisomal membrane protein, PMP70. A time-dependent decrease in ether-type lipid levels was also seen. Because the activation of LC3, a marker of autophagy, was not observed, the involvement of autophagy was unlikely. Among various peroxins responsible for peroxisome biogenesis, Pex19p functions as a chaperone protein for the transportation of peroxisomal membrane proteins. Immunoprecipitation analysis showed that PLA/AT-3 binds to Pex19p through its N-terminal proline-rich and C-terminal hydrophobic domains. The protein level and enzyme activity of PLA/AT-3 were increased by its coexpression with Pex19p. Moreover, PLA/AT-3 inhibited the binding of Pex19 to peroxisomal membrane proteins, such as Pex3p and Pex11?p. A catalytically inactive point mutant of PLA/AT-3 could bind to Pex19p but did not inhibit the chaperone activity of Pex19p. Altogether, these results suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for peroxisome biogenesis through the interaction between Pex19p and PLA/AT-3.

| S-EPMC4498086 | biostudies-literature

Dexamethasone down-regulates the 85 kDa phospholipase A2 in mouse macrophages and suppresses its activation.

Project description:We have studied the effects of dexamethasone (dex) (i) on the level of the arachidonate-mobilizing phospholipase A2 (PLA2-85) in macrophages, (ii) on the stimulus-induced activation of this enzyme, and (iii) on the stimulus-induced release of arachidonate. Treatment of macrophages with 10 nM dex led to progressive reduction of PLA2-85 down to approx. 35% of control levels in 20 h in the absence of stimuli. This was accompanied by a partial inhibition of calcium-ionophore-induced arachidonate release. In contrast, the ability of zymosan or phorbol ester to cause both persistent activation of PLA2-85 and arachidonate release was greatly reduced or abolished. However, the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, previously shown to cause enhanced phosphorylation and persistent activation of PLA2-85, was still able to exert this effect on the dex-suppressed PLA2-85. This suggests that the effect of okadaic acid was exerted at, or downstream of, the dex-sensitive step(s). Treatment with dex also led to inhibition of the characteristic changes in phosphoprotein labelling induced by phorbol ester or zymosan. However, phorbol-dibutyrate-binding isoforms of protein kinase C were not severely down-regulated. Thus dex was found to down-regulate PLA2-85 and, in addition, to affect one or more component(s) in the signal chain that normally leads to its activation. However, okadaic acid retained the ability to cause activation of PLA2-85.

| S-EPMC1136676 | biostudies-other

Group X secretory phospholipase A2 enhances TLR4 signaling in macrophages.

Project description:Secretory phospholipase A(2)s (sPLA(2)) hydrolyze glycerophospholipids to liberate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Although group X (GX) sPLA(2) is recognized as the most potent mammalian sPLA(2) in vitro, its precise physiological function(s) remains unclear. We recently reported that GX sPLA(2) suppresses activation of the liver X receptor in macrophages, resulting in reduced expression of liver X receptor-responsive genes including ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), and a consequent decrease in cellular cholesterol efflux and increase in cellular cholesterol content (Shridas et al. 2010. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30: 2014-2021). In this study, we provide evidence that GX sPLA(2) modulates macrophage inflammatory responses by altering cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Transgenic expression or exogenous addition of GX sPLA(2) resulted in a significantly higher induction of TNF-?, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 in J774 macrophage-like cells in response to LPS. This effect required GX sPLA(2) catalytic activity, and was abolished in macrophages that lack either TLR4 or MyD88. The hypersensitivity to LPS in cells overexpressing GX sPLA(2) was reversed when cellular free cholesterol was normalized using cyclodextrin. Consistent with results from gain-of-function studies, peritoneal macrophages from GX sPLA(2)-deficient mice exhibited a significantly dampened response to LPS. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in GX sPLA(2)-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice after LPS administration. Thus, GX sPLA(2) amplifies signaling through TLR4 by a mechanism that is dependent on its catalytic activity. Our data indicate this effect is mediated through alterations in plasma membrane free cholesterol and lipid raft content.

| S-EPMC3119755 | biostudies-literature

Lipid Profile of Activated Macrophages and Contribution of Group V Phospholipase A2.

Project description:Macrophages activated by Interleukin (IL)-4 (M2) or LPS+ Interferon (IFN)γ (M1) perform specific functions respectively in type 2 inflammation and killing of pathogens. Group V phospholipase A2 (Pla2g5) is required for the development and functions of IL-4-activated macrophages and phagocytosis of pathogens. Pla2g5-generated bioactive lipids, including lysophospholipids (LysoPLs), fatty acids (FAs), and eicosanoids, have a role in many diseases. However, little is known about their production by differentially activated macrophages. We performed an unbiased mass-spectrometry analysis of phospholipids (PLs), LysoPLs, FAs, and eicosanoids produced by Wild Type (WT) and Pla2g5-null IL-4-activated bone marrow-derived macrophages (IL-4)BM-Macs (M2) and (LPS+IFNγ)BM-Macs (M1). Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was preferentially metabolized in (LPS+IFNγ)BM-Macs and Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in (IL-4)BM-Macs, with Pla2g5 contributing mostly to metabolization of selected PE molecules. While Pla2g5 produced palmitic acid (PA) in (LPS+IFNγ)BM-Macs, the absence of Pla2g5 increased myristic acid (MA) in (IL-4)BM-Macs. Among eicosanoids, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) were significantly reduced in (IL-4)BM-Macs and (LPS+IFNγ)BM-Macs lacking Pla2g5. Instead, the IL-4-induced increase in 20-carboxy arachidonic acid (20CooH AA) was dependent on Pla2g5, as was the production of 12-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHTrE) in (LPS+IFNγ)BM-Macs. Thus, Pla2g5 contributes to PE metabolization, PGE2 and PGD2 production independently of the type of activation, while in (IL-4)BM-Macs, Pla2g5 regulates selective lipid pathways and likely novel functions.

| S-EPMC7823364 | biostudies-literature

A cytosolic phospholipase A2-initiated lipid mediator pathway induces autophagy in macrophages.

Project description:Autophagy delivers cytoplasmic constituents to autophagosomes and is involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Cytosolic phospholipase (cPLA(2))-initiated proinflammatory lipid mediator pathways play a critical role in host defense and inflammation. The crosstalk between the two pathways remains unclear. In this study, we report that cPLA(2) and its metabolite lipid mediators induced autophagy in the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line and in primary monocytes. IFN-γ-triggered autophagy involves activation of cPLA(2). Cysteinyl leukotrienes D(4) and E(4) and PGD(2) also induced these effects. The autophagy is independent of changes in mTOR or autophagic flux. cPLA(2) and lipid mediator-induced autophagy is ATG5 dependent. These data suggest that lipid mediators play a role in the regulation of autophagy, demonstrating a connection between the two seemingly separate innate immune responses, induction of autophagy and lipid mediator generation.

| S-EPMC3208068 | biostudies-literature

Ex vivo effect of varespladib on secretory phospholipase A2 alveolar activity in infants with ARDS.

Project description:BackgroundSecretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays a pivotal role in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This enzyme seems an interesting target to reduce surfactant catabolism and lung tissue inflammation. Varespladib is a specifically designed indolic sPLA2 inhibitor, which has shown promising results in animals and adults. No specific data in pediatric ARDS patients are yet available.MethodsWe studied varespladib in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) fluids obtained ex vivo from pediatric ARDS patients. Clinical data and worst gas exchange values during the ARDS course were recorded. Samples were treated with saline or 10-40-100 µM varespladib and incubated at 37°C. Total sPLA2 activity was measured by non-radioactive method. BAL samples were subjected to western blotting to identify the main sPLA isotypes with different sensitivity to varespladib. Results was corrected for lavage dilution using the serum-to-BAL urea ratio and for varespladib absorbance.ResultsVarespladib reduces sPLA2 activity (p<0.0001) at 10,40 and 100 µM; both sPLA2 activity reduction and its ratio to total proteins significantly raise with increasing varespladib concentrations (p<0.001). IC(50) was 80 µM. Western blotting revealed the presence of sPLA2-IIA and -IB isotypes in BAL samples. Significant correlations exist between the sPLA2 activity reduction/proteins ratio and PaO(2) (rho = 0.63;p<0.001), PaO(2)/FiO(2) (rho = 0.7; p<0.001), oxygenation (rho = -0.6; p<0.001) and ventilation (rho = -0.4;p = 0.038) indexes.ConclusionsVarespladib significantly inhibits sPLA2 in BAL of infants affected by post-neonatal ARDS. Inhibition seems to be inversely related to the severity of gas exchange impairment.

| S-EPMC3469496 | biostudies-literature

IFNγ receptor down-regulation facilitates Legionella survival in alveolar macrophages.

Project description:Legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic human pathogen and causative agent of the acute pneumonia known as Legionnaire's disease. Upon inhalation, the bacteria replicate in alveolar macrophages (AM), within an intracellular vacuole termed the Legionella-containing vacuole. We recently found that, in vivo, IFNγ was required for optimal clearance of intracellular L. pneumophila by monocyte-derived cells (MC), but the cytokine did not appear to influence clearance by AM. Here, we report that during L. pneumophila lung infection, expression of the IFNγ receptor subunit 1 (IFNGR1) is down-regulated in AM and neutrophils, but not MC, offering a possible explanation for why AM are unable to effectively restrict L. pneumophila replication in vivo. To test this, we used mice that constitutively express IFNGR1 in AM and found that prevention of IFNGR1 down-regulation enhanced the ability of AM to restrict L. pneumophila intracellular replication. IFNGR1 down-regulation was independent of the type IV Dot/Icm secretion system of L. pneumophila indicating that bacterial effector proteins were not involved. In contrast to previous work, we found that signaling via type I IFN receptors was not required for IFNGR1 down-regulation in macrophages but rather that MyD88- or Trif- mediated NF-κB activation was required. This work has uncovered an alternative signaling pathway responsible for IFNGR1 down-regulation in macrophages during bacterial infection.

| S-EPMC8015206 | biostudies-literature

Critical Involvement of Calcium-Dependent Cytosolic Phospholipase A2? in Aortic Valve Interstitial Cell Calcification.

Project description:The involvement of calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2? (cPLA2?) in aortic valve calcification is not exhaustively elucidated. Here, cPLA2? expression in aortic valve interstitial cell (AVIC) pro-calcific cultures simulating either metastatic or dystrophic calcification was estimated by qPCR, Western blotting, and counting of cPLA2?-immunoreactive cells, with parallel ultrastructural examination of AVIC calcific degeneration. These evaluations also involved pro-calcific AVIC cultures treated with cPLA2? inhibitor dexamethasone. cPLA2? over-expression resulted for both types of pro-calcific AVIC cultures. Compared to controls, enzyme content was found to increase by up to 300% and 186% in metastatic and dystrophic calcification-like cultures, respectively. Increases in mRNA amounts were also observed, although they were not as striking as those in enzyme content. Moreover, cPLA2? increases were time-dependent and strictly associated with mineralization progression. Conversely, drastically lower levels of enzyme content resulted for the pro-calcific AVIC cultures supplemented with dexamethasone. In particular, cPLA2? amounts were found to decrease by almost 88% and 48% in metastatic and dystrophic calcification-like cultures, respectively, with mRNA amounts showing a similar trend. Interestingly, these drastic decreases in cPLA2? amounts were paralleled by drastic decreases in mineralization degrees, as revealed ultrastructurally. In conclusion, cPLA2? may be regarded as a crucial co-factor contributing to AVIC mineralization in vitro, thus being an attractive potential target for designing novel therapeutic strategies aimed to counteract onset or progression of calcific aortic valve diseases.

| S-EPMC7503521 | biostudies-literature

Pathways regulating cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation and eicosanoid production in macrophages by Candida albicans.

Project description:Resident tissue macrophages are activated by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans to release eicosanoids, which are important modulators of inflammation and immune responses. Our objective was to identify the macrophage receptors engaged by C. albicans that mediate activation of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)?), a regulatory enzyme that releases arachidonic acid (AA) for production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. A comparison of peritoneal macrophages from wild type and knock-out mice demonstrates that the ?-glucan receptor Dectin-1 and MyD88 regulate early release of AA and eicosanoids in response to C. albicans. However, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) expression and later phase eicosanoid production are defective in MyD88(-/-) but not Dectin-1(-/-) macrophages. Furthermore, C. albicans-stimulated activation of MAPK and phosphorylation of cPLA(2)? on Ser-505 are regulated by MyD88 and not Dectin-1. In contrast, Dectin-1 mediates MAPK activation, cPLA(2)? phosphorylation, and COX2 expression in response to particulate ?-glucan suggesting that other receptors engaged by C. albicans preferentially mediate these responses. Results also implicate the mannan-binding receptor Dectin-2 in regulating cPLA(2)?. C. albicans-stimulated MAPK activation and AA release are blocked by d-mannose and Dectin-2-specific antibody, and overexpression of Dectin-2 in RAW264.7 macrophages enhances C. albicans-stimulated MAPK activation, AA release, and COX2 expression. In addition, calcium mobilization is enhanced in RAW264.7 macrophages overexpressing Dectin-1 or -2. The results demonstrate that C. albicans engages both ?-glucan and mannan-binding receptors on macrophages that act with MyD88 to regulate the activation of cPLA(2)? and eicosanoid production.

| S-EPMC2945562 | biostudies-literature

The finding of a group IIE phospholipase A2 gene in a specified segment of Protobothrops flavoviridis genome and its possible evolutionary relationship to group IIA phospholipase A2 genes.

Project description:The genes encoding group IIE phospholipase A2, abbreviated as IIE PLA2, and its 5' and 3' flanking regions of Crotalinae snakes such as Protobothrops flavoviridis, P. tokarensis, P. elegans, and Ovophis okinavensis, were found and sequenced. The genes consisted of four exons and three introns and coded for 22 or 24 amino acid residues of the signal peptides and 134 amino acid residues of the mature proteins. These IIE PLA2s show high similarity to those from mammals and Colubridae snakes. The high expression level of IIE PLA2s in Crotalinae venom glands suggests that they should work as venomous proteins. The blast analysis indicated that the gene encoding OTUD3, which is ovarian tumor domain-containing protein 3, is located in the 3' downstream of IIE PLA2 gene. Moreover, a group IIA PLA2 gene was found in the 5' upstream of IIE PLA2 gene linked to the OTUD3 gene (OTUD3) in the P. flavoviridis genome. It became evident that the specified arrangement of IIA PLA2 gene, IIE PLA2 gene, and OTUD3 in this order is common in the genomes of humans to snakes. The present finding that the genes encoding various secretory PLA2s form a cluster in the genomes of humans to birds is closely related to the previous finding that six venom PLA2 isozyme genes are densely clustered in the so-called NIS-1 fragment of the P. flavoviridis genome. It is also suggested that venom IIA PLA2 genes may be evolutionarily derived from the IIE PLA2 gene.

| S-EPMC4280545 | biostudies-literature

OmicsDI is part of the ELIXIR infrastructure

OmicsDI is an Elixir interoperability service. Learn more ›

OmicsDI Databases

PRIDE
PeptideAtlas
MassIVE
JPOST Repository
Physiome Model Repository

EGA
EVA
ENA
LINCS
PAXDB
Cell Collective

MetaboLights
Metabolomics Workbench
MetabolomeExpress
GNPS
BioModels
FAIRDOMHub

ArrayExpress
dbGaP
ExpressionAtlas
GEO
NODE

Information

Databases
Help
API
Contact us
Code on GitHub
Terms of use
Submit Data