Amino acid sequence of glutathione S-transferase rGSTM5* from rat testis.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tam MF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1219639 | biostudies-other | 1998 Aug
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Glutathione (GSH) synthetase [gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine:glycine ligase (ADP-forming), EC 6.3.2.3], an enzyme present in almost all cells, catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of GSH from gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine and glycine. Highly purified preparations of the enzyme have been obtained from rat kidney and several lower forms. The rat kidney enzyme (M(r), 118,000), which contains approximately 2% carbohydrate, is composed of two apparently identical subunits. The cDNA encoding rat kidney GSH synthetase was isolated from a rat kidney lambda gt11 cDNA library by immunoscreening with an antibody prepared against the isolated enzyme. The cDNA contains 1905 nucleotides and an open reading frame of 1422 nucleotides coding for 474 amino acids. The cDNA has a 3' untranslated region of 439 nucleotides, which includes a poly(A) tail. The deduced amino acid sequence (M(r), 52,344) contains all five of the peptide sequences that were independently determined by Edman degradation. The cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of the rat kidney enzyme has no significant similarity to that of the enzyme from E. coli and shows some similarity to those deduced for the yeast and frog enzymes. Knowledge of this amino acid sequence is expected to facilitate elucidation of the sequence of the corresponding human enzyme and to lead to studies on the biochemical mechanisms involved in human GSH synthetase deficiency as well as to development of improved methods for prenatal diagnosis of these inborn diseases.
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Project description:Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells contain three omega-class glutathione transferases with glutaredoxin activity (Gto1, Gto2, and Gto3), in addition to two glutathione transferases (Gtt1 and Gtt2) not classifiable into standard classes. Gto1 is located at the peroxisomes, where it is targeted through a PTS1-type sequence, whereas Gto2 and Gto3 are in the cytosol. Among the GTO genes, GTO2 shows the strongest induction of expression by agents such as diamide, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, tert-butyl hydroperoxide or cadmium, in a manner that is dependent on transcriptional factors Yap1 and/or Msn2/4. Diamide and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (causing depletion of reduced glutathione) also induce expression of GTO1 over basal levels. Phenotypic analyses with single and multiple mutants in the S. cerevisiae glutathione transferase genes show that, in the absence of Gto1 and the two Gtt proteins, cells display increased sensitivity to cadmium. A gto1-null mutant also shows growth defects on oleic acid-based medium, which is indicative of abnormal peroxisomal functions, and altered expression of genes related to sulfur amino acid metabolism. As a consequence, growth of the gto1 mutant is delayed in growth medium without lysine, serine, or threonine, and the mutant cells have low levels of reduced glutathione. The role of Gto1 at the S. cerevisiae peroxisomes could be related to the redox regulation of the Str3 cystathionine beta-lyase protein. This protein is also located at the peroxisomes in S. cerevisiae, where it is involved in transulfuration of cysteine into homocysteine, and requires a conserved cysteine residue for its biological activity.
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Project description:Testis cytosol is shown to contain the Yb2Yb2 -homodimer glutathione S-transferase D in addition to the previously described glutathione S-transferases A ( Yb1Yb1 ) and C ( Yb1Yb2 ). Treatment of rats with phenobarbital induces the level of glutathione S-transferase D in testis with no increase in the activities of glutathione S-transferases A and C. This result indicates a specific induction of the Yb2 subunit in testis, in contrast with the situation in rat liver, where phenobarbital specifically induces the Yb1 subunit.
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Project description:production of glutathione s-transferase from Lactobacillus plantarum Ku720558
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Project description:Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is of importance for cancer research because of its role in detoxifying carcinogens, activating antineoplastic prodrugs, metabolizing chemotherapeutic agents, and its involvement in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. Two common GSTP1 genetic polymorphisms have been studied extensively. However, the full range of GSTP1 genetic variation has not been systematically characterized in the absence of disease pathology. We set out to identify common GSTP1 polymorphisms in four ethnic groups, followed by functional genomic studies. All exons, splice junctions, and the 5'-flanking region of GSTP1 were resequenced using 60 DNA samples each from four ethnic groups. The 35 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) identified included six nonsynonymous SNPs and 17 previously unreported polymorphisms. GSTP1 variant allozymes were then expressed in COS-1 cells, and five displayed significantly altered levels of enzyme activity. One decreased to 22% of the wild-type (WT) activity. Four variant allozymes had K(m) values that differed significantly from that of the WT, and five showed altered levels of immunoreactive protein compared with WT, with a significant correlation (r = 0.79, P < 0.007) between levels of immunoreactive protein and enzyme activity in these samples. In the Mexican American population, five linked SNPs were significantly associated with GSTP1 mRNA expression, one of which was found by electrophoretic mobility shift assay to alter protein binding. These studies have identified functionally significant genetic variation, in addition to the two frequently studied GSTP1 nonsynonymous SNPs, that may influence GSTP1's contribution to carcinogen and drug metabolism, and possibly disease pathogenesis and/or drug response.
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Project description:The Mu-Class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are subject to marked inter-individual variation in man, owing to the fact that 40-50% of the population fail to express M1 subunits. Mu-Class GST from two lymphoblastoid cell lines (expressing M1 subunits and the other 'nulled' for M1) have been studied. Both cell lines were found to express a Mu-Class GST that has not been described previously. The cDNA encoding this novel transferase, designated 'GSTM4' has been isolated and the enzyme shown to be comprised of 218 amino acids (including the initiator methionine residue) with an M(r) of approx. 25.5 kDa. Molecular cloning demonstrated that the lymphoblastoid cell line which expressed GSTM1 possessed the b allelic variant (i.e. that with an asparagine residue at position 173). The genes for GSTM4 and GSTM1b have been cloned and found to contain seven introns and eight exons. The coding region of the GSTM4 gene, including the seven introns, encompasses 5.0 kb, whereas the same region of GSTM1b is 5.5 kb; the difference in the size of the two genes is due to the length of intron 7. DNA sequencing allowed a GSTM4-gene-specific oligo-primer to be designed which has been utilized in a PCR-based assay to determine that the GSTM4 gene is located on chromosome 1.
| S-EPMC1132478 | biostudies-other
Project description:Free polyribosomal poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from normal rat liver was used to prepare a complementary DNA plasmid library in the Pst1 site of the plasmid pAT153 . A plasmid pGSTr155 complementary to mRNA coding for a glutathione transferase Ya subunit was selected by differential hybridization in situ and preliminary characterization was performed by hybrid-selected mRNA translation, immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the product synthesized in vitro. The nucleotide sequence of the complementary DNA contained within pGSTr155 was determined and shown to contain a single open reading frame corresponding to the first 129 amino acids of the N-terminus of the Ya subunit and a further 63 nucleotides upstream of the initiating methionine codon.
| S-EPMC1153468 | biostudies-other
Project description:Dermacentor marginatus is a widespread tick species and a vector of many pathogens in Eurasia. Due to the medical importance of D. marginatus, control measures are needed for this tick species. Currently tick control approaches rely mostly on acaricide application, whereas wrong and irrational acaricide use may result in drug resistance and residue problems. Vaccination as an alternative approach for tick control has been proven to be effective towards some tick species. However, immunization against D. marginatus has not yet reached satisfactory protection. The effort of in silico based analysis could predict antigenicity and identify candidates for anti-tick vaccine development. We carried out an in silico analysis of D. marginatus glutathione S-transferases (DmGSTs) in order to identify blood-feeding induced GSTs as antigens that can be used in anti-tick vaccine development. Phylogenetic analysis, linear B-cell epitope prediction, homology modeling, and conformational B-cell epitope mapping on the GST models were performed to identify highly antigenic DmGSTs. Relative gene expressions of the seven GSTs were profiled through real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to outline GSTs up-regulated during blood feeding. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the seven GSTs belonged to four classes of GST, including one in epsilon-class, one in zeta-class, one in omega-class, and four in mu-class. Linear B-cell epitope prediction revealed mu-class GSTs share similar conserved antigenic regions. The conformational B-cell epitope mapped on the homology model of the GSTs displayed that GSTs of mu-class showed stronger antigenicity than that of other classes. RT-qPCR revealed DmGSTM1 and DmGSTM2 were positively related to blood feeding. In sum, the data suggest that DmGSTM1 and DmGSTM2 could be tested for potential anti-tick vaccine trials.
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Project description:In most organs of the rat the predominant forms of glutathione S-transferase have alkaline (greater than 7.0) pI values. In contrast, in the cytosol from rat testes almost 50% of the transferase activity is due to isoenzymes with acidic (less than 7.0) pI values. We have purified three acidic forms of glutathione S-transferase from rat testis cytosol. One form accounted for more than 90% of the enzymic activity in the acidic fraction. This major form was a homodimer of a new subunit, termed Yt. This subunit had an electrophoretic mobility that was different from the subunits that form the alkaline transferases. In addition, functional and immunological studies were consistent with the unique nature of the Yt subunit. The two minor acidic enzymes of rat testis appeared to be heterodimers of the Yt subunit and a subunit with an electrophoretic mobility identical with that of the Yb subunit present in some alkaline enzymes.
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Project description:Glutathione transferase (formerly GST) catalyzes the inactivation of various electrophile-producing anticancer agents via conjugation to the tripeptide glutathione. Moreover, several data link the overexpression of some GSTs, in particular GSTP1-1, to both natural and acquired resistance to various structurally unrelated anticancer drugs. Tumor overexpression of these proteins has provided a rationale for the search of GST inhibitors and GST activated cytotoxic prodrugs. In the present review we discuss the current structural and pharmacological knowledge of GST-activated cytotoxic compounds.
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