Triticum aestivum L. endoxylanase inhibitor (TAXI) consists of two inhibitors, TAXI I and TAXI II, with different specificities.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gebruers K
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1221564 | biostudies-other | 2001 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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2014-12-31 | GSE58805 | GEO
Project description:A novel class of proteinaceous inhibitors exhibiting specificity towards microbial xylanases has recently been discovered in cereals. The three-dimensional structure of xylanase inhibitor protein I (XIP-I) from wheat (Triticum aestivum, var. Soisson) was determined by X-ray crystallography at 1.8 A (1 A=0.1 nm) resolution. The inhibitor possesses a (beta/alpha)(8) barrel fold and has structural features typical of glycoside hydrolase family 18, namely two consensus regions, approximately corresponding to the third and fourth barrel strands, and two non-proline cis -peptide bonds, Ser(36)-Phe and Trp(256)-Asp (in XIP-I numbering). However, detailed structural analysis of XIP-I revealed several differences in the region homologous with the active site of chitinases. The catalytic glutamic acid residue of family 18 chitinases [Glu(127) in hevamine, a chitinase/lysozyme from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)] is conserved in the structure of the inhibitor (Glu(128)), but its side chain is fully engaged in salt bridges with two neighbouring arginine residues. Gly(81), located in subsite -1 of hevamine, where the reaction intermediate is formed, is replaced by Tyr(80) in XIP-I. The tyrosine side chain fills the subsite area and makes a strong hydrogen bond with the side chain of Glu(190) located at the opposite side of the cleft, preventing access of the substrate to the catalytic glutamic acid. The structural differences in the inhibitor cleft structure probably account for the lack of activity of XIP-I towards chitin.
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Project description:BACKGROUND: Argonaute proteins are key components of RNA interference (RNAi), playing important roles in RNA-directed gene silencing. Various classes of Argonaute genes have been identified from plants and might be involved in developmental regulation. However, little is known about these genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum). RESULTS: In this study, two full-length cDNAs of Argonaute were cloned from wheat, designated as TaAGO1b and TaAGO4. The cDNA of TaAGO1b is 3273 bp long and encodes 868 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of ~97.78 kDa and pI of 9.29. The 3157-bp TaAGO4 encodes 916 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 102.10 kDa and pI of 9.12. Genomics analysis showed that TaAGO1b and TaAGO4 contain 20 and 18 introns, respectively. Protein structural analysis demonstrated that typical PAZ and PIWI domains were found in both TaAGO1b and TaAGO4. From the highly conserved PIWI domains, we detected conserved Asp-Asp-His (DDH) motifs that function as a catalytic triad and have critical roles during the process of sequence-specific cleavage in the RNAi machinery. Structural modelling indicated that both TaAGOs can fold to a specific ?/? structure. Moreover, the three aligned DDH residues are spatially close to each other at the "slicer" site of the PIWI domain. Expression analysis indicated that both genes are ubiquitously expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs, including the root, stem, leaf, anther, ovule, and seed. However, they are differentially expressed in germinating endosperm tissues. We were interested to learn that the two TaAGOs are also differentially expressed in developing wheat plants and that their expression patterns are variously affected by vernalization treatment. Further investigation revealed that they can be induced by cold accumulation during vernalization. CONCLUSIONS: Two putative wheat Argonaute genes, TaAGO1b and TaAGO4, were cloned. Phylogenetic analysis, prediction of conserved domains and catalytic motifs, and modelling of their protein structures suggested that they encode functional Argonaute proteins. Temporal and spatial expression analyses indicated that these genes are potentially involved in developmental regulation of wheat plants.
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Project description:To better understand the regulatory mechanisms of water stress response in wheat, the transcript profiles in roots of two wheat genotypes, namely, drought tolerant 'Luohan No.2' (LH) and drought susceptible 'Chinese Spring' (CS) under water-stress were comparatively analyzed by using the Affymetrix wheat GeneChip®. A total of 3831 transcripts displayed 2-fold or more expression changes, 1593 transcripts were induced compared with 2238 transcripts were repressed, in LH under water-stress; Relatively fewer transcripts were drought responsive in CS, 1404 transcripts were induced and 1493 were repressed. Comparatively, 569 transcripts were commonly induced and 424 transcripts commonly repressed in LH and CS under water-stress. 689 transcripts (757 probe sets) identified from LH and 537 transcripts (575 probe sets) from CS were annotated and classified into 10 functional categories, and 74 transcripts derived from 80 probe sets displayed the change ratios no less than 16 in LH or CS. Several kinds of candidate genes were differentially expressed between the LH and CS, which could be responsible for the difference in drought tolerance of the two genotypes.
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Project description:Young wheat plantlets (wheatgrass), represent a significant source of minerals, enzymes, vitamins, while also rich in phenolics and chlorophylls, with considerable bioactivities. As the biosynthesis of such compounds may be influenced by growth conditions, the current research assesses wheatgrass composition in soil based and hydroponic systems, using water with different elemental composition. FTIR spectroscopy did not reveal significant variations between juice and extracts cultivated in different setups. Surface elemental composition indicated higher Na, P, Si concentrations in hydroponic plants, while AAS analyses showed increased Ca and Mn in soil presence. HPLC-MS of extracts showed that soil and spring water increased chlorophyll and hydroxychlorophyll a concentrations. Phenolic contents were higher in hydroponic plants, while maximum values were recorded for spring water. Radical scavenging activity was stimulated by the use of spring water. Results indicate that wheatgrass with improved mineral and macromolecular composition may be obtained using accessible cultivation setups.
| S-EPMC6112624 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lysates of protoplasts from the endosperm of developing grains of wheat (Triticum aestivum) were fractionated on density gradients of Nycodenz to give amyloplasts. Enzyme distribution on the gradients suggested that: (i) starch synthase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are confined to the amyloplasts; (ii) pyrophosphate: fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase are confined to the cytosol; (iii) a significant proportion (23-45%) of each glycolytic enzyme, from phosphoglucomutase to pyruvate kinase inclusive, is in the amyloplast. Starch synthase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and each of the glycolytic enzymes showed appreciable latency when assayed in unfractionated lysates of protoplasts. No activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was found in amyloplasts or in homogenates of endosperm. Antibody to plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase did not react positively, in an immunoblot analysis, with any protein in extracts of wheat endosperm. It is argued that wheat endosperm lacks significant plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and that carbon for starch synthesis does not enter the amyloplast as a C-3 compound but probably as hexose phosphate.
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Project description:A putative Type II NADH dehydrogenase from Halobacillus dabanensis was recently reported to have Na+/H+ antiport activity (and called Nap), raising the possibility of direct coupling of respiration to antiport-dependent pH homeostasis. This study characterized a homologous type II NADH dehydrogenase of genetically tractable alkaliphilic Bacillus pseudofirmus OF4, in which evidence supports antiport-based pH homeostasis that is mediated entirely by secondary antiport. Two candidate type II NADH dehydrogenase genes with canonical GXGXXG motifs were identified in a draft genome sequence of B. pseudofirmus OF4. The gene product designated NDH-2A exhibited homology to enzymes from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli whereas NDH-2B exhibited homology to the H. dabanensis Nap protein and its alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans C-125 homologue. The ndh-2A, but not the ndh-2B, gene complemented the growth defect of an NADH dehydrogenase-deficient E. coli mutant. Neither gene conferred Na+-resistance on an antiporter-deficient E. coli strain, nor did they confer Na+/H+ antiport activity in vesicle assays. The purified hexa-histidine-tagged gene products were approximately 50 kDa, contained noncovalently bound FAD and oxidized NADH. They were predominantly cytoplasmic in E. coli, consonant with the absence of antiport activity. The catalytic properties of NDH-2A were more consistent with a major respiratory role than those of NDH-2B.
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Project description:In present experiment we evaluated the effects of the utrasonication of winter wheat seeds on seedling growth and development. Effect of treatment on the gene transcription and DNA methylation of seedlings were evaluated.
2022-09-14 | GSE200377 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundBowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) are a family of serine-type protease inhibitors that modulate endogenous plant proteolytic activities during different phases of development. They also inhibit exogenous proteases as a component of plant defense mechanisms, and their overexpression can confer resistance to phytophagous herbivores and multiple fungal and bacterial pathogens. Dicot BBIs are multifunctional, with a "double-headed" structure containing two separate inhibitory loops that can bind and inhibit trypsin and chymotrypsin proteases simultaneously. By contrast, monocot BBIs have a non-functional chymotrypsin inhibitory loop, although they have undergone internal duplication events giving rise to proteins with multiple BBI domains.ResultsWe used a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) profile-based search to identify 57 BBI genes in the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genome. The BBI genes are unevenly distributed, with large gene clusters in the telomeric regions of homoeologous group 1 and 3 chromosomes that likely arose through a series of tandem gene duplication events. The genomes of wheat progenitors also contain contiguous clusters of BBI genes, suggesting this family underwent expansion before the domestication of common wheat. However, the BBI gene family varied in size among different cultivars, showing this family remains dynamic. Because of these expansions, the BBI gene family is larger in wheat than other monocots such as maize, rice and Brachypodium. We found BBI proteins in common wheat with intragenic homologous duplications of cysteine-rich functional domains, including one protein with four functional BBI domains. This diversification may expand the spectrum of target substrates. Expression profiling suggests that some wheat BBI proteins may be involved in regulating endogenous proteases during grain development, while others were induced in response to biotic and abiotic stresses, suggesting a role in plant defense.ConclusionsGenome-wide characterization reveals that the BBI gene family in wheat is subject to a high rate of homologous tandem duplication and deletion events, giving rise to a diverse set of encoded proteins. This information will facilitate the functional characterization of individual wheat BBI genes to determine their role in wheat development and stress responses, and their potential application in breeding.
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Project description:BACKGROUND: Alteration in gene expression resulting from allopolyploidization is a prominent feature in plants, but its spectrum and extent are not fully known. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) was formed via allohexaploidization about 10,000 years ago, and became the most important crop plant. To gain further insights into the genome-wide transcriptional dynamics associated with the onset of common wheat formation, we conducted microarray-based genome-wide gene expression analysis on two newly synthesized allohexaploid wheat lines with chromosomal stability and a genome constitution analogous to that of the present-day common wheat. RESULTS: Multi-color GISH (genomic in situ hybridization) was used to identify individual plants from two nascent allohexaploid wheat lines between Triticum turgidum (2n=4x=28; genome BBAA) and Aegilops tauschii (2n=2x=14; genome DD), which had a stable chromosomal constitution analogous to that of common wheat (2n=6x=42; genome BBAADD). Genome-wide analysis of gene expression was performed for these allohexaploid lines along with their parental plants from T. turgidum and Ae. tauschii, using the Affymetrix Gene Chip Wheat Genome-Array. Comparison with the parental plants coupled with inclusion of empirical mid-parent values (MPVs) revealed that whereas the great majority of genes showed the expected parental additivity, two major patterns of alteration in gene expression in the allohexaploid lines were identified: parental dominance expression and non-additive expression. Genes involved in each of the two altered expression patterns could be classified into three distinct groups, stochastic, heritable and persistent, based on their transgenerational heritability and inter-line conservation. Strikingly, whereas both altered patterns of gene expression showed a propensity of inheritance, identity of the involved genes was highly stochastic, consistent with the involvement of diverse Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Nonetheless, those genes showing non-additive expression exhibited a significant enrichment for vesicle-function. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that two patterns of global alteration in gene expression are conditioned by allohexaploidization in wheat, that is, parental dominance expression and non-additive expression. Both altered patterns of gene expression but not the identity of the genes involved are likely to play functional roles in stabilization and establishment of the newly formed allohexaploid plants, and hence, relevant to speciation and evolution of T. aestivum.
| S-EPMC3313882 | biostudies-literature