The growth hormone receptor interacts with its sheddase, the tumour necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE).
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Schantl JA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1223864 | biostudies-other | 2004 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is abnormally expressed in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), a metalloproteinase, mediates TGF-alpha processing. In this study, we sought to determine whether TGF-alpha was an absolute requirement for renal cystogenesis and whether its absence would modulate disease severity or related growth factors/receptors expression. Bpk heterozygotes were bred with TGF-alpha null mice to produce cystic and noncystic offspring with or without TGF-alpha. Assessments included kidney weight (KW), body weight (BW), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and kidney and liver immunohistology. Western analysis assessed kidney expression of amphiregulin (AR), epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), and their receptors, EGFR and ErbB4. A PCR-based methodology for genotyping bpk mice was also developed. No significant differences in KW, BW, KW/BW%, or BUN were seen in cystic mice with versus without TGF-alpha. Cystic kidney disease and liver disease histology were similar. AR, EGF, HB-EGF, EGFR, and ErbB4 were abnormally expressed to an equal degree in kidneys of mice with versus without TGF-alpha. Although previous data suggest a critical role of TGF-alpha in murine PKD, these data show that TGF-alpha is not required for renal cyst formation or kidney or liver disease progression. We speculate that the therapeutic effect of WTACE2 could have been due to effects on several TACE targets, including TGF-alpha, AR, and ErbB4, as well as metalloproteinases other than TACE.
| S-EPMC1570100 | biostudies-literature
Project description:TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) is initially synthesized as a transmembrane protein that is cleaved by TACE (TNF-α-converting enzyme) to release soluble TNF-α. The elevated level of TNF-α in the brain and circulation in heart failure (HF) suggests an increase in the TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding process. The present study sought to determine whether TACE is upregulated in cardiovascular/autonomic brain regions like subfornical organ and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in rats with ischemia-induced HF and whether TACE plays a role in TNF-α-driven sympathetic excitation. We found that TACE was expressed throughout the subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus, with significantly higher levels in HF than in sham-operated (Sham) rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of recombinant TACE induced a mild increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity that peaked at 15 to 20 minutes in both Sham and HF rats. HF rats had a secondary prolonged increase in these variables that was prevented by the TNF-α inhibitor SPD304. Intracerebroventricular administration of the TACE inhibitor TNF-alpha protease inhibitor 1 decreased blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity in Sham and HF rats, with an exaggerated reduction in heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity in the HF rats. Direct microinjection of TACE or TNF-alpha protease inhibitor 1 into paraventricular nucleus or subfornical organ of Sham and HF rats elicited blood pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity responses similar to intracerebroventricular TACE or TNF-alpha protease inhibitor 1. Intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang II (angiotensin II) and IL (interleukin)-1β increased TACE expression in subfornical organ and paraventricular nucleus of normal rats. These data suggest that a TACE-mediated increase in soluble TNF-α in the brain contributes to sympathetic excitation in HF.
| S-EPMC6639045 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sepsis is a systemic reaction to an infection and resulting in excessive production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. It sometimes results in septic shock. The present study aimed to identify quinolone antibiotics that can reduce tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production and to elucidate mechanisms underlying inhibition of TNFα production. We identified quinolone antibiotics reduced TNFα production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells. Sitafloxacin (STFX) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic of the quinolone class. STFX effectively suppressed TNFα production in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner and increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. The percentage of intracellular TNFα increased in LPS-stimulated cells with STFX compared with that in LPS-stimulated cells. TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) released TNFα from the cells, and STFX suppressed TACE phosphorylation and activity. To conclude, one of the mechanisms underlying inhibition of TNFα production in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells treated with STFX is the inhibition of TNFα release from cells via the suppression of TACE phosphorylation and activity. STFX may kill bacteria and suppress inflammation. Therefore, it can be effective for sepsis treatment.
| S-EPMC8683466 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tumour necrosis factor alpha convertase (TACE) is a metalloprotease/disintegrin involved in the ectodomain shedding of several proteins, a process thought to be important in inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and murine development. The characterization of the intracellular maturation and subcellular localization of endogenous TACE is decribed in the present study. Similarly to other proteolytically active metalloprotease/disintegrins, two forms of TACE are found in cells; a full-length precursor and a mature form lacking the prodomain. Prodomain removal occurs in a late Golgi compartment, consistent with the proposed role of a furin type proprotein convertase in this process. An additional form of TACE, lacking the pro and cytoplasmic domains, is detected when cell lysates are prepared in the presence of EDTA instead of a hydroxamate-based metalloprotease inhibitor or 1,10-phenanthroline. This form appears to be generated by mature TACE cleaving its own cytoplasmic tail and may explain why little mature TACE has been detected in previous studies. In cell-surface labelling experiments, mature TACE was detected on the cell surface but immunofluorescence data indicate that TACE is predominantly localized to a perinuclear compartment similar to that described for tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha. This raises the possibility that TACE-mediated ectodomain shedding may occur in an intracellular compartment in addition to the cell surface.
| S-EPMC1220940 | biostudies-other
Project description:Several transmembrane molecules are cleaved at juxtamembrane extracellular sites leading to shedding of ectodomains. We analysed shedding of members of the Vps10p-D (Vps10p domain; where Vps is vacuolar protein sorting) family of neuronal type-I receptors with partially overlapping functions, and additional proteolytic events initiated by the shedding. When transfected into CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cells (CHO-K1), sorCS1a-sorCS1c isoforms were shed at high rates (approximately 0.61% x min(-1)) that were increased approx. 3-fold upon stimulation with phorbol ester. sorCS1c identified in the cultured neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y was shed similarly. In CHO-K1 transfectants, constitutive and stimulated shedding of sorCS3 also occurred at high rates (0.29% and 1.03% x min(-1)). By comparison, constitutive and stimulated shedding of sorLA occurred at somewhat lower rates (0.07% and 0.48% x min(-1)), whereas sorCS2 and sortilin were shed at very low rates even when stimulated (approximately 0.01% x min(-1)). Except for sorCS2, shedding of the receptors was dramatically reduced in mutant CHO cells (CHO-M2) devoid of active TACE (tumour necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme), demonstrating that this enzyme accounts for most sheddase activity. The release of sorCS1 and sorLA ectodomains initiated rapid cleavage of the membrane-tethered C-terminal stubs that accumulated only in the presence of gamma-secretase inhibitors. Purified shed sorLA bound several ligands similarly to the entire luminal domain of the receptor, including PDGF-BB (platelet-derived growth factor-BB) and amyloid-beta precursor protein. In addition, PDGF-BB also bound to the luminal domains of sorCS1 and sorCS3. The results suggest that ectodomains shed from a subset of Vps10p-D receptors can function as carrier proteins.
| S-EPMC1422770 | biostudies-other
Project description:Peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is transported by platelets and released upon stimulation. In the platelet cytoplasm, 5-HT is transamidated to small GTPases, promoting alpha-granule release and primary hemostasis.We hypothesized that 5-HT could also stimulate platelet receptor shedding after binding to the membrane 5-HT receptor (5-HT2AR).Western blot and flow cytometry were used to determine levels of the adhesion receptor glycoprotein (GP)Ibalpha on platelets or its shed fragment glycocalicin in plasma and serum from wild-type mice, Tph1(-/-) mice lacking peripheral 5-HT, and mice lacking functional tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE, ADAM17). Flow chamber experiments and intravital microscopy were used to examine the adhesive properties of platelets after stimulation of 5-HT2AR.Glycocalicin was significantly reduced in Tph1(-/-) plasma and serum. In isolated platelets, 5-HT induced shedding of GPIbalpha, which was increased to 60% when 5-HT uptake was inhibited by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Specific 5-HT2AR agonism and antagonism suggested activation of this receptor. The shedding could not be induced in TACE(DeltaZn/DeltaZn) platelets, suggesting that activated TACE mediated the shedding of GPIbalpha. Intracellular signaling involved phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase rather than G-protein signaling. 5-HT2AR stimulation decreased platelet adhesion to collagen-bound von Willebrand factor under arterial shear (1500 s(-1)) and incorporation into FeCl3-induced thrombi in mesenteric arterioles.Stimulation of 5-HT2AR on platelets induces TACE-mediated shedding of GPIbalpha, the key adhesion molecule under high shear conditions. Our observations demonstrate a new pathway through which 5-HT could modulate cardiovascular disease.
| S-EPMC3244876 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The amyloid precursor protein (APP) of Alzheimer's disease is a transmembrane protein that is cleaved within its extracellular domain, liberating a soluble N-terminal fragment (sAPP alpha). Putative mediators of this process include three members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family, ADAM9, ADAM10 and ADAM17/TACE (tumour necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme). Tumour necrosis factor-alpha protease inhibitor (TAPI-1), an inhibitor of ADAMs, reduced constitutive and muscarinic receptor-stimulated sAPP alpha release in HEK-293 cells stably expressing M3 muscarinic receptors. However, the former was less sensitive to TAPI-1 (IC(50)=8.09 microM) than the latter (IC(50)=3.61 microM), suggesting that these processes may be mediated by different metalloproteases. Constitutive sAPP alpha release was increased several-fold in cells transiently transfected with TACE, and this increase was proportional to TACE expression. In contrast, muscarinic-receptor-activated sAPP alpha release was not altered in TACE transfectants. TACE-dependent constitutive release of co-transfected APP(695) was inhibited by TAPI-1 with an IC(50) of 0.92 microm, a value significantly lower than the IC(50)s for inhibition of either constitutive or receptor-regulated sAPP alpha shedding mediated by endogenous secretases. The results indicate that TACE is capable of catalysing constitutive alpha-secretory cleavage of APP, but it is likely that additional members of the ADAM family mediate endogenous constitutive and receptor-coupled release of sAPP alpha in HEK-293 cells.
| S-EPMC1222008 | biostudies-other
Project description:Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is accompanied by abnormalities in humoral and cellular immune systems.To determine the genes specifically expressed in the immune system in SSc by analysis of the gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with SSc, including those treated with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Additionally, to investigate the clinical significance of the up regulation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) converting enzyme (TACE).PBMC from patients with SSc (n = 23) and other autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, n = 16), rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 29)), and from disease-free controls (n = 36) were examined. Complementary DNA arrays were used to evaluate gene expression of PBMC, in combination with real time quantitative polymerase chain reactions. TACE protein expression in PBMC was examined by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS).In patients with SSc 118 genes were down regulated after HSCT. Subsequent comparative analysis of SSc without HSCT and healthy controls indicated SSc-specific up regulation for three genes: monocyte chemoattractant protein-3 (p = 0.0015), macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (p = 0.0339), and TACE (p = 0.0251). In the FACS analysis, TACE protein was mainly expressed on CD14(+) monocytes both in patients with SSc and controls. TACE expression on CD14(+) cells was significantly increased in patients with early SSc (p = 0.0096), but not in those with chronic SSc, SLE, or RA. TACE protein levels in SSc monocytes correlated with the intracellular CD68 levels (p = 0.0016).Up regulation of TACE expression was a unique profile in early SSc, and may affect the function of TNFalpha and other immunoregulatory molecules.
| S-EPMC1755608 | biostudies-other
Project description:Ectodomain shedding of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands [e.g., transforming growth factor type alpha (TGF-alpha)] and EGFR phosphorylation are implicated in mucin production in airway epithelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme (TACE) is reported to cleave precursor of TGF-alpha, with release of soluble mature TGF-alpha in various epithelial tissues. We hypothesized that TACE increases the shedding of TGF-alpha, resulting in EGFR phosphorylation and inducing mucin production in human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells. To examine this hypothesis, we stimulated NCI-H292 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, an activator of TACE) and pathophysiologic stimuli [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and supernatant from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA sup)]. PMA, PA sup, and LPS increased MUC5AC gene expression and mucin protein production, effects that were prevented by pretreatment with AG1478, a selective inhibitor of EGFR phosphorylation and by preincubation with an EGFR-neutralizing Ab or with a TGF-alpha-neutralizing Ab, implicating ligand (TGF-alpha)-dependent EGFR phosphorylation in mucin production. These stimuli induced release of soluble TGF-alpha, EGFR phosphorylation, and MUC5AC expression, which were blocked by the metalloprotease inhibitors tumor necrosis factor-alpha protease inhibitor-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-3. We specifically knocked down the expression of metalloprotease TACE by using small interfering RNA for TACE. Knockdown of TACE inhibited PMA-, PA sup-, and LPS-induced TGF-alpha shedding, EGFR phosphorylation, and mucin production. From these results, we conclude that TACE plays a critical role in mucin production by airway epithelial cells by means of a TACE ligand-EGFR cascade in response to various stimuli.
| S-EPMC208807 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tumour necrosis factor receptor type 2 (TNFR2, TNFRSF1B) is an essential receptor for various host-defence functions of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF). As part of studies to determine the structure of TNFR2, the formation, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the TNF-TNFR2 complex are described. The TNF-TNFR2 complex, which comprises one TNF trimer and three TNFR2 monomers, was confirmed and purified by size-exclusion chromatography. Crystals of the TNF-TNFR2 complex were obtained using polyethylene glycol 3350 as a precipitant. The crystal belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 74.5, b = 117.4, c = 246.8 A. Assuming the presence of two TNF-TNFR2 complexes in the asymmetric unit, the Matthews coefficient V(M) was 2.49 A(3) Da(-1) and the solvent content of the crystal was 50.7%. The crystal diffracted to 2.95 A resolution.
| S-EPMC2650442 | biostudies-literature