Inhibition of the orthophosphatase and pyrophosphatase activities of human alkaline-phosphatase preparations.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Eaton RH
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1270344 | biostudies-other | 1967 Mar
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. The inorganic-pyrophosphatase activity of alkaline phosphatases prepared from human liver and small intestine was investigated at different stages of purification. 2. Both liver and intestinal preparations possessed pyrophosphatase activity at all stages of purification, and the two types of activity were not separated by gel filtration or by anion-exchange or cation-exchange chromatography. 3. After starch-gel electrophoresis of the tissue extracts, the zones of pyrophosphatase activity coincided exactly with alkaline-phosphatase zones. 4. Hydrolysis of each type of substrate was inhibited by the presence of the other, and a constant ratio of alkaline-phosphatase activity to pyrophosphatase activity was maintained during inactivation of the enzymes by incubation at 55 degrees . 5. These results are consistent with the view that alkaline phosphatases are also inorganic pyrophosphatases.
| S-EPMC1270209 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. The differential effects of adding Zn(2+) and Mg(2+) on the orthophosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase were studied. 2. In the presence of excess of Zn(2+), inorganic pyrophosphatase activity is inhibited. At higher concentrations of pyrophosphate, hydrolysis of this substrate takes place, but is inhibited competitively by the Zn(2+)-pyrophosphate complex. This complex also acts as a competitive inhibitor of orthophosphate hydrolysis. 3. Excess of Mg(2+) also inhibits pyrophosphatase action by removal of substrate; at low concentrations, this ion activates pyrophosphatase, as is the case with orthophosphatase. 4. It is concluded that, when interactions between metal ions and pyrophosphate are taken into account, the effects of these ions are consistent with the view that alkaline phosphatases possess both orthophosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities.
| S-EPMC1187773 | biostudies-other
Project description:Alkaline phosphatase prepared from mammalian cell cultures was found to have alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase activity. Both of these activities appear to be associated with a single protein, as demonstrated by: (1) concomitant purification of alkaline phosphatase and alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase; (2) proportional precipitation of alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities by titrating constant amounts of an enzyme preparation with increasing concentration of antibody; (3) immune electrophoresis, which showed that precipitin bands that have alkaline phosphatase activity also have pyrophosphatase activity; (4) inhibition of pyrophosphatase activity by cysteine, an inhibitor of alkaline phosphatase activity; (5) similar subcellular localization of the two enzyme activities as demonstrated by histochemical methods; (6) hormonal and substrate induction of alkaline phosphatase activity in mammalian cell cultures, which produced a nearly parallel rise in inorganic pyrophosphatase activity.
| S-EPMC1198286 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. A study was made of the hydrolysis, at pH9.0, of ATP and ADP catalysed by pig kidney alkaline phosphatase. Both of these nucleoside pyrophosphates are substrates for the enzyme; K(m) values are 4x10(-5)m for ATP and 6.3x10(-5)m for ADP. V(max.) for ADP is approximately double that of ATP. 2. Above 0.1mm approximately, both ATP and ADP are inhibitory, but the inhibition is reversible by the addition of Mg(2+) ions to form MgATP(2-) or MgADP(-) complexes. The complexes, besides being non-inhibitory, are also substrates for the enzyme with K(m) values identical with those of the respective free nucleotides. 3. Mg(2+) ions are inhibitory when present in excess of ATP or ADP. The degree of inhibition is greater with ATP as substrate, but with both ATP and ADP a mixed competitive-non-competitive type of inhibition is observed. 4. It is suggested that under normal conditions the enzyme is inhibited by cellular concentrations of ATP plus ADP but that an increase in the concentration of Mg(2+) ions stimulates activity by relieving nucleoside pyrophosphate inhibition. The properties may be of importance in the regulation of the transport of bivalent cations.
| S-EPMC1177276 | biostudies-other
Project description:RNA-seq analysis compares gene expression of the siw14∆ mutant to the wild-type fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe).
2023-09-27 | GSE232247 | GEO
Project description:We have established a proteoliposome system as an osteoblast-derived matrix vesicle (MV) biomimetic to facilitate the study of the interplay of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and NPP1 (nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1) during catalysis of biomineralization substrates. First, we studied the incorporation of TNAP into liposomes of various lipid compositions (i.e. in pure dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), DPPC/dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine (9:1 and 8:2), and DPPC/dioctadecyl-dimethylammonium bromide (9:1 and 8:2) mixtures. TNAP reconstitution proved virtually complete in DPPC liposomes. Next, proteoliposomes containing either recombinant TNAP, recombinant NPP1, or both together were reconstituted in DPPC, and the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP, AMP, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), p-nitrophenyl phosphate, p-nitrophenylthymidine 5'-monophosphate, and PP(i) by these proteoliposomes was studied at physiological pH. p-Nitrophenylthymidine 5'-monophosphate and PLP were exclusively hydrolyzed by NPP1-containing and TNAP-containing proteoliposomes, respectively. In contrast, ATP, ADP, AMP, PLP, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and PP(i) were hydrolyzed by TNAP-, NPP1-, and TNAP plus NPP1-containing proteoliposomes. NPP1 plus TNAP additively hydrolyzed ATP, but TNAP appeared more active in AMP formation than NPP1. Hydrolysis of PP(i) by TNAP-, and TNAP plus NPP1-containing proteoliposomes occurred with catalytic efficiencies and mild cooperativity, effects comparable with those manifested by murine osteoblast-derived MVs. The reconstitution of TNAP and NPP1 into proteoliposome membranes generates a phospholipid microenvironment that allows the kinetic study of phosphosubstrate catabolism in a manner that recapitulates the native MV microenvironment.
| S-EPMC2844207 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Pig kidney enzyme resembles other non-specific alkaline phosphatases in its ability to hydrolyse inorganic pyrophosphate (PP(i)). 2. Studies of enzyme velocity as a function of PP(i) concentration show that Michaelis-Menten kinetics are obeyed when a constant PP(i)/Mg(2+) concentration ratio is maintained, but velocity-substrate concentration curves are sigmoid when the concentration of PP(i) is increased but that of Mg(2+) is kept constant. The enzyme is inhibited when the total PP(i) concentration is greater than the total concentration of Mg(2+). Pyrophosphatase activity is activated by Mg(2+), but if the concentration of the metal ion is increased to a value in excess of the total PP(i) concentration Mg(2+) is then strongly inhibitory. 4. It appears that the enzyme is most active towards the complex ion MgPP(i) (2-). The enzyme probably hydrolyses PP(i) (4-) also, but this is a poorer substrate and its competition with MgPP(i) (2-) leads to inhibition. At high Mg(2+) concentrations Mg(2)PP(i) is formed. This complex appears to be a potent inhibitor. 5. Sigmoid plots of v against s and of v against i result from interactions occurring between Mg(2+) and PP(i) (4-) leading to MgPP(i) (2-) and Mg(2)PP(i), and are not indicative of allosteric behaviour.
| S-EPMC1187438 | biostudies-other
Project description:Inositol pyrophosphate 1,5-IP8 is a signaling molecule that regulates phosphate and polyphosphate homeostasis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. 1,5-IP8 levels are dictated by a balance between the Asp1 kinase domain that converts 5-IP7 to 1,5-IP8 and two pyrophosphatases-the Asp1 pyrophosphatase domain (histidine acid phosphatase family) and the Aps1 pyrophosphatase enzyme (Nudix family)-that hydrolyze the β-phosphates of 1,5-IP8. Here, we characterize S. pombe Siw14 (SpSiw14), a cysteinyl-phosphatase family member and a homolog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Siw14, as a third fission yeast pyrophosphatase implicated in inositol pyrophosphate catabolism. We find that SpSiw14's substrate repertoire embraces inorganic pyrophosphate, inorganic polyphosphate, and the inositol pyrophosphates 5-IP7, 1-IP7, and 1,5-IP8, in addition to the generic substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate. Genetic analyses revealed that (i) elimination of the SpSiw14 protein or inactivation of the SpSiw14 pyrophosphatase by the C189S mutation had no effect on S. pombe growth but was lethal in the absence of Aps1 and (ii) the synthetic lethality of siw14∆ aps1∆ depended on the synthesis of 1,5-IP8 by the Asp1 kinase. We conclude that SpSiw14 and Aps1 pyrophosphatases have essential but redundant functions in fission yeast, and that their synthetic lethality is a consequence of the toxic effects of too much 1,5-IP8. Suppression of siw14∆ aps1∆ lethality by loss-of-function mutations of components of the fission yeast 3'-processing/termination machinery fortifies the case for overzealous transcription termination as the basis for 1,5-IP8 toxicosis. IMPORTANCE The inositol pyrophosphate signaling molecule 1,5-IP8 modulates fission yeast phosphate homeostasis via its action as an agonist of RNA 3'-processing and transcription termination. Cellular 1,5-IP8 levels are determined by a balance between the activities of the inositol polyphosphate kinase Asp1 and several inositol pyrophosphatase enzymes. Here, we characterize Schizosaccharomyces pombe Siw14 (SpSiw14) as a cysteinyl-phosphatase-family pyrophosphatase enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the phosphoanhydride substrates inorganic pyrophosphate, inorganic polyphosphate, and inositol pyrophosphates 5-IP7, 1-IP7, and 1,5-IP8. Genetic analyses implicate SpSiw14 in 1,5-IP8 catabolism in vivo, insofar as: loss of SpSiw14 activity is lethal in the absence of the Nudix-type inositol pyrophosphatase enzyme Aps1; and siw14∆ aps1∆ lethality depends on synthesis of 1,5-IP8 by the Asp1 kinase. Suppression of siw14∆ aps1∆ lethality by loss-of-function mutations of 3'-processing/termination factors points to precocious transcription termination as the cause of 1,5-IP8 toxicosis.
| S-EPMC10653929 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. Isolated mouse spleen lymphocytes hydrolysed UDP-galactose added to the medium. Nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity that accounted for this hydrolysis was enriched to a similar extent as alkaline phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase in a lymphocyte plasma-membrane fraction. 2. The cell surfaces of mouse spleen and thymus lymphocytes were iodinated with 125I by using the lactoperoxidase-catalysis method. Detergent extracts of the cells were mixed with a purified anti-(mouse liver plasma-membrane nucleotide pyrophosphatase) antiserum and the immunoprecipitates analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Only one major radioactive component, similar in size (apparent mol.wt 110000-130000) to the liver enzyme, was observed. 3. Electrophoresis of an iodinated spleen plasma-membrane fraction indicated peaks of radioactivity, including one of apparent mol.wt 110000-130000. 4. When detergent extracts of spleen lymphocytes were passed through a Sepharose-bead column containing covalently attached anti-(nucleotide pyrophosphatase) antiserum, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity was retained by the beads, whereas protein and leucine naphthylamidase activity were eluted. 5. The results indicate that nucleotide pyrophosphatase and alkaline phosphodiesterase activities are due to the location of the same or similar enzymes at the outer aspect of the lymphocyte plasma membrane. Some possible functions of enzymes at this location are discussed.
| S-EPMC1164117 | biostudies-other
Project description:Placental (PLAP) and germ-cell (GCAP) alkaline phosphatases are inhibited uncompetitively by L-Leu and L-Phe. Whereas L-Phe inhibits PLAP and GCAP to the same extent, L-Leu inhibits GCAP 17-fold more strongly than it does PLAP. This difference has been attributed [Hummer & Millán (1991) Biochem. J 274, 91-95] to a Glu----Gly substitution at position 429 in GCAP. The D-Phe and D-Leu enantiomorphs are also inhibitory through an uncompetitive mechanism but with greatly decreased efficiencies. Replacement of the active-site residue Arg-166 by Ala-166 changes the inhibition mechanism of the resulting PLAP mutant to a more complex mixed-type inhibition, with decreased affinities for L-Leu and L-Phe. The uncompetitive mechanism is restored on the simultaneous introduction of Gly-429 in the Ala-166 mutant, but the inhibitions of [Ala166,Gly429]PLAP and even [Lys166,Gly429]PLAP by L-Leu and L-Phe are considerably decreased compared with that of [Gly429]PLAP. These findings point to the importance of Arg-166 during inhibition. Active-site binding of L-Leu requires the presence of covalently bound phosphate in the active-site pocket, and the inhibition of PLAP by L-Leu is pH-sensitive, gradually disappearing when the pH is decreased from 10.5 to 7.5. Our data are compatible with the following molecular model for the uncompetitive inhibition of PLAP and GCAP by L-Phe and L-Leu: after binding of a phosphorylated substrate to the active site, the guanidinium group of Arg-166 (normally involved in positioning phosphate) is redirected to the carboxy group of L-Leu (or L-Phe), thus stabilizing the inhibitor in the active site. Therefore leucinamide and leucinol are weaker inhibitors of [Gly429]PLAP than is L-Leu. During this Arg-166-regulated event, the amino acid side group is positioned in the loop containing Glu-429 or Gly-429, leading to further stabilization. Replacement of Glu-429 by Gly-429 eliminates steric constraints experienced by the bulky L-Leu side group during its positioning and also increases the active-site accessibility for the inhibitor, providing the basis for the 17-fold difference in inhibition efficiency between PLAP and GCAP. Finally, the inhibitor's unprotonated amino group co-ordinates with the active-site Zn2+ ion 1, interfering with the hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme intermediate, a phenomenon that determines the uncompetitive nature of the inhibition.
| S-EPMC1133013 | biostudies-other