Involvement of the lac regulatory genes in catabolite repression in Escherichia coli.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Palmer J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1270416 | biostudies-other | 1967 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The formation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) in cells growing on TB causes catabolite repression, as shown by the reduction in malT expression. For this repression to occur, the general proteins of the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), in particular EIIA(Glc), as well as the adenylate cyclase and the cyclic AMP-catabolite activator protein system, have to be present. We followed the level of EIIA(Glc) phosphorylation after the addition of glycerol or G3P. In contrast to glucose, which causes a dramatic shift to the dephosphorylated form, glycerol or G3P only slightly increased the amount of dephosphorylated EIIA(Glc). Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced overexpression of EIIA(Glc) did not prevent repression by G3P, excluding the possibility that G3P-mediated catabolite repression is due to the formation of unphosphorylated EIIA(Glc). A mutant carrying a C-terminally truncated adenylate cyclase was no longer subject to G3P-mediated repression. We conclude that the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by phosphorylated EIIA(Glc) is controlled by G3P and other phosphorylated sugars such as D-glucose-6-phosphate and is the basis for catabolite repression by non-PTS compounds. Further metabolism of these compounds is not necessary for repression. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to obtain an overview of proteins that are subject to catabolite repression by glycerol. Some of the prominently repressed proteins were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting. Among these were periplasmic binding proteins (glutamine and oligopeptide binding protein, for example), enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, aldehyde dehydrogenase, Dps (a stress-induced DNA binding protein), and D-tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase.
| S-EPMC135075 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. Experiments were devised to show whether the point mutations L8 and L29 in the lac promoter alleviate transient repression. 2. Several recombinants were picked from matings between a single F(-)p(+) strain and Hfr strains carrying mutations L8 and L29. All of the 19 p(-) recombinants tested proved to suffer no transient repression, whereas all of the eight p(+) recombinants tested suffered prolonged transient repression. 3. A diploid strain was constructed in which more than 90% of the thiogalactoside transacetylase is synthesized from the episome with a wild-type lac promoter, whereas 100% of the beta-galactosidase is synthesized from the chromosome with a promoter carrying mutation L8. In this diploid the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase suffered transient repression but the synthesis of beta-galactosidase did not. 4. Exactly similar results were obtained with a diploid strain in which the chromosomal promoter carried mutation L29. 5. The same diploid strains were used in experiments to show whether mutations L8 and L29 alleviate the severe catabolite repression caused by growth in glucose plus gluconate. In both strains glucose+gluconate repressed the synthesis of beta-galactosidase much less than the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 6. These and previously reported results can be explained by assuming (a) that both mutations L8 and L29 render the lac promoter partially, but not completely, insensitive to catabolite repression, and (b) that transient repression is an exceptionally severe form of catabolite repression.
| S-EPMC1176997 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Experiments were carried out to distinguish the contributions of transcriptional and translational repression to catabolite repression of the lac operon. 2. In strain EZ16-3-G of Escherichia coli the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase is directed by a gene situated on an episome, and the operator, promotor and regulator genes that lay cis to this gene have been deleted, so that the normal mechanism for controlling transcription is abolished. The extent of catabolite repression in this strain was much less than that in wild-type strains. 3. The same episome is responsible for the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase in strain RM32/F'd25, and in this strain a second lac operon directs the synthesis of beta-galactosidase under the control of a wild-type operator-promotor-regulator system. The extent of catabolite repression of thiogalactoside transacetylase in strain RM32/F'd25 was substantially more than in strain EZ16-3-G, but less than that of beta-galactosidase in strain RM32/F'd25. 4. Since the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase in these organisms is presumably subject to translational repression only, it is concluded that in strain RM32/F'd25 the synthesis of beta-galactosidase is subject to both transcriptional and translational repression. It is also concluded that the extent of translational repression varies between strains.
| S-EPMC1184856 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Several lac diploid strains of Escherichia coli were constructed and tested to discover whether mutations in the lac promoter alleviate catabolite repression. 2. In each of these diploids the chromosome carries one of the promoter mutations, L8, L29 or L1; so that the rate of synthesis of the enzymes of the lac operon is only 2-6% of the fully induced wild-type. Each diploid harbours the episome F'lacM15 that specifies the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase under the control of intact regulator, promoter and operator regions, but has a deletion in the structural gene for beta-galactosidase. In each diploid more than 90% of the thiogalactoside transacetylase is synthesized from the episome, and 100% of the beta-galactosidase is synthesized from the chromosome, and comparison of the extent of catabolite repression that the two enzymes suffered indicated whether the chromosomal promoter mutation relieves catabolite repression. 3. In the strains in which the promoter carries either of the point mutations L8 or L29 the enzymes were equally repressed, suggesting that neither L8 nor L29 affects catabolite repression. 4. In a diploid strain harbouring the same episome but carrying deletion L1 on the chromosome, synthesis of beta-galactosidase suffered much less repression than that of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 5. In a diploid strain in which the chromosome carries L1 and also a second mutation that increases the rate of expression of lac to that permitted by L8 or L29, the synthesis of beta-galactosidase again suffered much less repression than the synthesis of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 6. The effect of L1 (which deletes the boundary between the i gene and the lac promoter) is ascribed to its bringing the expression of lac under the control of the promoter of the i gene. 7. Even in strains carrying L1, some catabolite repression persists; this is not due to a trans effect from the episome since it occurs equally in a haploid strain with L1.
| S-EPMC1179282 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Repression by glucose of beta-galactosidase synthesis is spontaneously reversible in all strains of Escherichia coli examined long before the glucose has all been consumed. The extent of recovery and the time necessary for reversal differ among various strains. Other inducible enzymes show similar effects. 2. This transient effect of glucose repression is observed in constitutive (i(-)) and permease-less (y(-)) cells as well as in the corresponding i(+) and y(+) strains. 3. Repression is exerted by several rapidly metabolizable substrates (galactose, ribose and ribonucleosides) but not by non-metabolized or poorly metabolized compounds (2-deoxyglucose, 2-deoxyribose, phenyl thio-beta-galactoside and 2-deoxyribonucleosides). 4. The transient repression with glucose is observed in inducible cells supplied with a powerful inducer of beta-galactosidase synthesis (e.g. isopropyl thio-beta-galactoside) but not with a weak inducer (lactose); in the latter instance glucose repression is permanent. Diauxic growth on glucose plus lactose can be abolished by including isopropyl thio-beta-galactoside in the medium. 5. In some strains phosphate starvation increases catabolite repression; in others it relieves it. Adenine starvation in an adenine-requiring mutant also relieves catabolite repression by glycerol but not that by glucose. Restoration of phosphate or adenine to cells starved of these nutrients causes a pronounced temporary repression. Alkaline-phosphatase synthesis is not affected by the availability of adenine. 6. During periods of transient repression of induced enzyme synthesis the differential rate of RNA synthesis, measured by labelled uracil incorporation in 2min. pulses, shows a temporary rise. 7. The differential rate of uracil incorporation into RNA falls during exponential growth of batch cultures of E. coli. This is equally true for uracil-requiring and non-requiring strains. The fall in the rate of incorporation has been shown to be due to a real fall in the rate of RNA synthesis. The significance of the changes in the rate of RNA synthesis is discussed. 8. A partial model of catabolite repression is presented with suggestions for determining the chemical identification of the catabolite co-repressor itself.
| S-EPMC1265142 | biostudies-other
Project description:Acetohydroxy acid synthetase, which is sensitive to catabolite repression in wild-type Escherichia coli B, was relatively resistant to this control in a streptomycin-dependent mutant. The streptomycin-dependent mutant was found to be inducible for beta-galactosidase in the presence of glucose, although repression of beta-galactosidase by glucose occurred under experimental conditions where growth of the streptomycin-dependent mutant was limited. Additional glucose-sensitive enzymes of wild-type E. coli B (citrate synthase, fumarase, aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase) were found to be insensitive to the carbon source in streptomycin-dependent mutants: these enzymes were formed by streptomycin-dependent E. coli B in equivalent quantities when either glucose or glycerol was the carbon source. Two enzymes, glucokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, that are glucose-insensitive in wild-type E. coli B were formed in equivalent quantity on glucose or glycerol in both streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-dependent E. coli B. The results indicate a general decrease or relaxation of catabolite repression in the streptomycin-dependent mutant. The yield of streptomycin-dependent cells from glucose was one-third less than that of the streptomycin-sensitive strain. We conclude that the decreased efficiency of glucose utilization in streptomycin-dependent E. coli B is responsible for the relaxation of catabolite repression in this mutant.
| S-EPMC1187509 | biostudies-other
Project description:1. Catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase and of thiogalactoside transacetylase was studied in several strains of Escherichia coli K 12, in an attempt to show whether a single site within the structural genes of the lac operon co-ordinately controls translational repression for the two enzymes. In all experiments the rate of synthesis of the enzymes was compared in glycerol-minimal medium and in glucose-minimal medium. 2. In a wild-type strain, glucose repressed the synthesis of the two enzymes equally. 3. The possibility that repression was co-ordinate was investigated by studies of mutant strains that carry deletions in the genes for beta-galactosidase or galactoside permease or both. In all of the strains with deletions, the repression of thiogalactoside transacetylase persisted, and it is concluded that there is no part of the structural gene for beta-galactosidase that is essential for catabolite repression of thiogalactoside transacetylase. 4. Subculture of one strain through several transfers in rich medium greatly increased its susceptibility to catabolite repression by glucose. It is concluded that unknown features of the genotype can markedly affect sensitivity to catabolite repression. 5. These results make it clear that one cannot draw valid conclusions about the effect of known genotypic differences on catabolite repression from a comparison of two separate strains; to study the effect of a particular genetic change in a lac operon it is necessary to construct a partially diploid strain so that catabolite repression suffered by one lac operon can be compared with that suffered by another. 6. Four such partial diploids were constructed. In all of them catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesized by one operon was equal in extent to catabolite repression of thiogalactoside transacetylase synthesized by the other. 7. Taken together, these results suggest that catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase and thiogalactoside transacetylase is separate but equal.
| S-EPMC1184857 | biostudies-other
Project description:As advances are made toward the industrial feasibility of mass-producing biofuels and commodity chemicals with sugar-fermenting microbes, high feedstock costs continue to inhibit commercial application. Hydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass represents an ideal feedstock for these purposes as it is cheap and prevalent. However, many microbes, including Escherichia coli, struggle to efficiently utilize this mixture of hexose and pentose sugars due to the regulation of the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) system. CCR causes a sequential utilization of sugars, rather than simultaneous utilization, resulting in reduced carbon yield and complex process implications in fed-batch fermentation. A mutant of the gene encoding the cyclic AMP receptor protein, crp*, has been shown to disable CCR and improve the co-utilization of mixed sugar substrates. Here, we present the strain construction and characterization of a site-specific crp* chromosomal mutant in E. coli BL21 star (DE3). The crp* mutant strain demonstrates simultaneous consumption of glucose and xylose, suggesting a deregulated CCR system. The proteomics further showed that glucose was routed to the C5 carbon utilization pathways to support both de novo nucleotide synthesis and energy production in the crp* mutant strain. Metabolite analyses further show that overflow metabolism contributes to the slower growth in the crp* mutant. This highly characterized strain can be particularly beneficial for chemical production by simultaneously utilizing both C5 and C6 substrates from lignocellulosic biomass.IMPORTANCEAs the need for renewable biofuel and biochemical production processes continues to grow, there is an associated need for microbial technology capable of utilizing cheap, widely available, and renewable carbon substrates. This work details the construction and characterization of the first B-lineage Escherichia coli strain with mutated cyclic AMP receptor protein, Crp*, which deregulates the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) system and enables the co-utilization of multiple sugar sources in the growth medium. In this study, we focus our analysis on glucose and xylose utilization as these two sugars are the primary components in lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate, a promising renewable carbon feedstock for industrial bioprocesses. This strain is valuable to the field as it enables the use of mixed sugar sources in traditional fed-batch based approaches, whereas the wild-type carbon catabolite repression system leads to biphasic growth and possible buildup of non-preferential sugars, reducing process efficiency at scale.
| S-EPMC10880614 | biostudies-literature
Project description:1. Two hypotheses to account for general catabolite repression of the lactose enzymes in Escherichia coli were tested: the dilution model of Palmer & Moses (1967), and the specific catabolite repressor model of Loomis & Magasanik (1965, 1967). 2. The dilution model predicts that in mutants lacking the i-o regulation system the differential rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis should increase when amino acid-synthesizing enzymes are repressed by the presence of amino acids in the medium. It also predicts that with such mutants the total absence of P(i) from the medium should not result in the complete cessation of beta-galactosidase synthesis that is observed with wild-type cells. 3. Neither prediction was confirmed experimentally, and it is concluded that this model cannot explain catabolite repression. 4. The specific repressor hypothesis depends on the properties of a strain of E. coli carrying the CR(-) mutation. It requires both that cells of this genotype should be totally resistant to general catabolite repression and that this resistance should be specific for the lactose enzymes. 5. In fact the synthesis of beta-galactosidase by CR(-) cells, though showing resistance to catabolite repression by growth on glucose, was found to be repressed in several other circumstances. 6. Two other inducible enzymes, l-tryptophanase and d-serine deaminase, also showed resistance to repression by glucose in CR(-) cells. 7. It is concluded that this model, too, does not account for general catabolite repression. 8. Strains carrying deletions at either end of the lactose operon that extend into the structural genes of the operon continue to exhibit catabolite repression. 9. These experiments appear to eliminate the possibility that catabolite repression operates at the level of DNA transcription, and suggest that repression affects instead the translation of messenger RNA into protein.
| S-EPMC1187118 | biostudies-other
Project description:The lac operon of Escherichia coli is repressed several 100-fold in the presence of glucose. This repression has been attributed to cAMP receptor protein-mediated inhibition of lac transcription and EIIAGlc-mediated inhibition of lactose transport (inducer exclusion). The growing evidence against the first mechanism has led to the postulate that the repression is driven by inducer exclusion. Although inducer exclusion reduces the permease activity only 2-fold in fully induced cells, it could be more potent in partially induced cells. Here, we show that even in partially induced cells, inducer exclusion reduces the permease activity no more than 6-fold. Moreover, the repression is so small because these experiments are performed in the presence of chloramphenicol. Indeed, when glucose is added to a culture growing on glycerol and TMG, but no chloramphenicol, lac expression is repressed 900-fold. This repression is primarily due to reversal of the positive feedback loop, i.e., the decline of the intracellular TMG level leads to a lower permease level, which reduces the intracellular TMG level even further. The repression in the absence of chloramphenicol is therefore primarily due to positive feedback, which does not exist during measurements of inducer exclusion.
| S-EPMC8943701 | biostudies-literature