[35S]thiosulphate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria in the presence of glutathione.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Koj A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1270484 | biostudies-other | 1967 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:1. The aerobic oxidation of GSH and other thiols by rat liver homogenate is abolished either by previous dialysis or by removal of the proteins but is restored by a mixture of the protein-free filtrate and the dialysed homogenate. 2. The oxidation is prevented by previously heating the dialysed homogenate but not the protein-free filtrate and also by known inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. 3. A similar oxidation occurs with hypoxanthine in place of of protein-free filtrate.
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Project description:1. A new method was used to diminish the autoxidation of GSH. 2. The oxidation of GSH by liver homogenates was studied with regard to concentration of homogenate, concentration of GSH, time, pH and anaerobiosis. 3. GSH was oxidized by recombinations of the supernatant with microsomes and with mitochondria. Each fraction alone caused little oxidation. 4. Proteins in the supernatant were required to obtain the effect, and low-molecular-weight compounds in the same fraction increased its effect. 5. GSH diminished the formation of malonaldehyde in homogenates. 6. GSH prevented a stimulating effect of the supernatant on the formation of malonaldehyde in microsomes and in mitochondria. 7. The malonaldehyde formation in microsomes together with the supernatant did not start until the concentration of endogenous low-molecular-weight thiols had decreased to a low level. 8. It is suggested that part of the oxidation of GSH in homogenates is coupled to a mechanism that counteracts the peroxidation of membrane lipids.
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Project description:1. The effects of succinate oxidation on pyruvate and also isocitrate oxidation by rat liver mitochondria were studied. 2. Succinate oxidation was without effect on pyruvate and isocitrate oxidation when respiration was maximally activated with ADP. 3. When respiration was partially inhibited by atractylate, succinate oxidation severely inhibited the oxidation of pyruvate and isocitrate. 4. This inhibitory effect of succinate was associated with a two- to three-fold increase in the reduction of mitochondrial NAD(+) but no change in the reduction of cytochrome b. 5. It is concluded that, in the partially energy-controlled state, respiration is more severely inhibited at the first phosphorylating site than at the other two. 6. The effects of succinate oxidation are compared with those of palmitoylcarnitine oxidation. It is concluded that a rapid flow of electrons directly into the respiratory chain at the level of cytochrome b is in itself inadequate to inhibit the oxidation of intramitochondrial NADH. 7. The effects of succinate oxidation on pyruvate oxidation were similar in rat heart and liver mitochondria.
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Project description:The major proportion of rat liver glutathione S-transferase is cytosolic. Carefully washed mitochondria contain 0.25-0.47% of the cytosolic activity. Subfractionation of washed mitochondria using digitonin treatment revealed that glutathione S-transferase release did not parallel that of any of the mitochondrial marker enzymes. Glutathione S-transferase release paralleled that of lactate dehydrogenase, suggesting that these 'mitochondrial' activities are due to loosely bound cytoplasmic forms.
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Project description:GSH added to rat liver homogenates inhibited respiration and increased GSSG formation approximately proportionally to the amount of GSH added; the effect was increased by added magnesium chloride. Added NADPH and citrate decreased GSSG formation and increased respiration; 6.0mm-nicotinamide prevented GSSG formation and increased respiration. There was a negative correlation between GSSG formation and oxygen uptake. It is suggested that the decrease in oxygen uptake is mainly due to GSSG concentration and also that in vivo a GSH-GSSG steady state occurs.
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Project description:Diamide is reduced by mitochondria utilizing endogenous substrates with Vmax. 20nmol/min per mg of protein and Km 75micrometer. The reaction is inhibited by: (a) thiol-blocking reagents (N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, mersalyl and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol);(b) respiratory inhibitors (arsenicals, malonate and antimycin, but not cyanide or oligomycin; inhibition by antimycin is reversed by ATP); (c) uncouplers (carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and valinomycin with K+; inhibition by the first of these uncouplers is not reversed by cyanide); (d) reagents affecting energy conservation (Ca2+, increasing pH, phosphate; phosphate inhibition is augmented by catalytic ADP or ATP and augmentation is abolished by respiratory inhibitors). Concentrations of mitochondrial glutathione are high when diamide reduction is uninhibited, but low after adding one of the above inhibitors such that the reduction rate is roughly proportional to the glutathione concentration. Endogenous ATP concentrations are lower in the presence of diamide than without, but the difference is abolished by respiratory inhibitors. With oligomycin added, however, ATP concentrations are higher in the presence of diamide and this positive increment is decreased by antimycin, N-ethylmaleimide and malonate. In the presence of diamide and an uncoupler, the mitochondrial glutathione content does not fall if various reducible substrates are present, although the inhibition of diamide reduction is not relieved. Some of these substrates prevent the fall in reduced glutathione concentration found with diamide and phosphate. They also relieve the inhibition of diamide reduction and the relief is sensitive to butylmalonate. The inhibition of diamide reduction by N-ethylmaleimide, mersalyl or p-hydroxymercuribenzoate is not relieved by reducible substrates, but the latter mitigate the fall in the concentration of glutathione. Inhibitors of carriers of tricarboxylic acid-cycle intermediates also inhibit reduction of diamide. The reduced glutathione concentration remains high when they are added singly, but falls when two of them are combined. It is proposed that diamide may enter the matrix as a protonated adduct formed with the thiol groups of mitochondrial carriers and then be reduced in the matrix by glutathione, which is regenerated via NADH, energy-dependent transhydrogenase and NADP+-specific glutathione reductase. Some of the high-energy equivalents required for the transhydrogeneration may be generated by the substrate phosphorylation step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Project description:1. The factors concerned in the estimation of P/O ratios when fatty acids are oxidized by rat-liver mitochondria have been assessed. 2. The oxidation of butyrate, hexanoate and octanoate is accompanied by ATP synthesis. At low concentrations of the fatty acids, P/O ratios approximately 2.5 are obtained. 3. Oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled, respiratory control ratios are lowered and respiration is inhibited when the concentration of the fatty acid in the incubating medium is raised (to 5-10mm); octanoate is a more potent uncoupler than either hexanoate or butyrate. 4. Serum albumin and carnitine, either singly or in combination, protect the mitochondria from the effect exerted by the fatty acids. 5. The rate of oxidation of short-chain fatty acids in the presence of ADP is increased in the presence of carnitine.
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