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Lysozyme-catalysed hydrolysis of some beta-aryl di-N-acetylchitobiosides.

ABSTRACT: 1. Four beta-aryl di-N-acetylchitobiosides and beta-S-phenyl di-N-acetylthiochitobioside have been prepared and shown to be substrates for hen's-egg-white lysozyme. 2. The lysozyme-catalysed hydrolysis of these substrates obeys Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 3. The Michaelis constants, K(m), for the beta-aryl di-N-acetyl-chitobiosides are almost independent of the aglycone, whereas the catalytic constants, k(cat.), show a marked dependence, giving a Hammett reaction constant, rho, equal to 1.2; this suggests the rate-determining step involves concerted acid-base or acid-nucleophilic catalysis. 4. This conclusion is supported by the Michaelis-Menten constants found for beta-S-phenyl di-N-acetylthiochitobioside. 5. A three-step reaction pathway is proposed, and mechanisms are suggested that would account for the evidence currently available.

SUBMITTER: Lowe G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC1271230 | biostudies-other | 1967 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:The advent of transition-metal catalysed strategies for forming new carbon-carbon bonds has revolutionized the field of organic chemistry, enabling the efficient synthesis of ligands, materials, and biologically active molecules. In cases where a single metal fails to promote a selective or efficient transformation, the synergistic cooperation of two distinct catalysts--multimetallic catalysis--can be used instead. Many important reactions rely on multimetallic catalysis, such as the Wacker oxidation of olefins and the Sonogashira coupling of alkynes with aryl halides, but this approach has largely been limited to the use of metals with distinct reactivities, with only one metal catalyst undergoing oxidative addition. Here, we demonstrate that cooperativity between two group 10 metal catalysts--(bipyridine)nickel and (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)palladium--enables a general cross-Ullmann reaction (the cross-coupling of two different aryl electrophiles). Our method couples aryl bromides with aryl triflates directly, eliminating the use of arylmetal reagents and avoiding the challenge of differentiating between multiple carbon-hydrogen bonds that is required for direct arylation methods. Selectivity can be achieved without an excess of either substrate and originates from the orthogonal reactivity of the two catalysts and the relative stability of the two arylmetal intermediates. While (1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)palladium reacts preferentially with aryl triflates to afford a persistent intermediate, (bipyridine)nickel reacts preferentially with aryl bromides to form a transient, reactive intermediate. Although each catalyst forms less than 5 per cent cross-coupled product in isolation, together they are able to achieve a yield of up to 94 per cent. Our results reveal a new method for the synthesis of biaryls, heteroaryls, and dienes, as well as a general mechanism for the selective transfer of ligands between two metal catalysts. We anticipate that this reaction will simplify the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, many of which are currently made with pre-formed organometallic reagents, and lead to the discovery of new multimetallic reactions.

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Lysozyme-catalysed hydrolysis of some beta-aryl di-N-acetylchitobiosides.

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