VEGF stimulation of endothelial cell PAF synthesis is mediated by group V 14 kDa secretory phospholipase A2.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Bernatchez PN
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1572915 | biostudies-other | 2001 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Recombinant human group II phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) added to human platelets in the low microg/ml range induced platelet activation, as demonstrated by measurement of platelet aggregation, thromboxane A2 generation and influx of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and by detection of time-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of platelet proteins. The presence of Ca2+ at low millimolar concentrations is a prerequisite for the activation of platelets by sPLA2. Mg2+ cannot replace Ca2+. Mg2+, given in addition to the necessary Ca2+, inhibits sPLA2-induced platelet activation. Pre-exposure to sPLA2 completely blocked the aggregating effect of a second dose of sPLA2. Albumin or indomethacin inhibited sPLA2-induced aggregation, similarly to the inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced aggregation. Platelets pre-treated with heparitinase or phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C lost their ability to aggregate in response to sPLA2, although they still responded to other agonists. This suggests that a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored platelet-membrane heparan sulphate proteoglycan is the binding site for sPLA2 on platelets. Previous reports have stated that sPLA2 is unable to activate platelets. The inhibitory effect of albumin and Mg2+, frequently used in aggregation studies, and the fact that isolated platelets lose their responsiveness to sPLA2 relatively quickly, may explain why the platelet-activating effects of sPLA2 have not been reported earlier.
| S-EPMC1218789 | biostudies-other
Project description:Secretory phospholipase A(2)s (sPLA(2)) hydrolyze glycerophospholipids to liberate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids. Although group X (GX) sPLA(2) is recognized as the most potent mammalian sPLA(2) in vitro, its precise physiological function(s) remains unclear. We recently reported that GX sPLA(2) suppresses activation of the liver X receptor in macrophages, resulting in reduced expression of liver X receptor-responsive genes including ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), and a consequent decrease in cellular cholesterol efflux and increase in cellular cholesterol content (Shridas et al. 2010. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 30: 2014-2021). In this study, we provide evidence that GX sPLA(2) modulates macrophage inflammatory responses by altering cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Transgenic expression or exogenous addition of GX sPLA(2) resulted in a significantly higher induction of TNF-?, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 in J774 macrophage-like cells in response to LPS. This effect required GX sPLA(2) catalytic activity, and was abolished in macrophages that lack either TLR4 or MyD88. The hypersensitivity to LPS in cells overexpressing GX sPLA(2) was reversed when cellular free cholesterol was normalized using cyclodextrin. Consistent with results from gain-of-function studies, peritoneal macrophages from GX sPLA(2)-deficient mice exhibited a significantly dampened response to LPS. Plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in GX sPLA(2)-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice after LPS administration. Thus, GX sPLA(2) amplifies signaling through TLR4 by a mechanism that is dependent on its catalytic activity. Our data indicate this effect is mediated through alterations in plasma membrane free cholesterol and lipid raft content.
| S-EPMC3119755 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Studies in vitro indicate that group X secretory phospholipase A(2) (GX sPLA(2)) potently releases arachidonic acid (AA) and lysophosphatidylcholine from mammalian cell membranes. To define the function of GX sPLA(2) in vivo, our laboratory recently generated C57BL/6 mice with targeted deletion of GX sPLA(2) (GX(-/-) mice). When fed a normal rodent diet, GX(-/-) mice gained significantly more weight and had increased adiposity compared to GX(+/+) mice, which was not attributable to alterations in food consumption or energy expenditure. When treated with adipogenic stimuli ex vivo, stromal vascular cells isolated from adipose tissue of GX(-/-) mice accumulated significantly more (20%) triglyceride compared to cells from GX(+/+) mice. Conversely, overexpression of GX sPLA(2), but not catalytically inactive GX sPLA(2), resulted in a significant 50% reduction in triglyceride accumulation in OP9 adipocytes. The induction of genes encoding adipogenic proteins (PPAR?, SREBP-1c, SCD1, and FAS) was also significantly blunted by 50-80% in OP9 cells overexpressing GX sPLA(2). Activation of the liver X receptor (LXR), a nuclear receptor known to up-regulate adipogenic gene expression, was suppressed in 3T3-L1 and OP9 cells when GX sPLA(2) was overexpressed. Thus, hydrolytic products generated by GX sPLA(2) negatively regulate adipogenesis, possibly by suppressing LXR activation.
| S-EPMC2974424 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionRheumatoid synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) mediate joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) is a specific receptor for the natural anticoagulant activated protein C (APC). It mediates the cytoprotective properties of APC and is expressed in rheumatoid synovial tissue. A recent report shows that group V secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA₂V) prevents APC from binding to EPCR in endothelium and inhibits EPCR/APC function. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of EPCR on RASFs.MethodsHuman synovial fibroblasts (SFs) were isolated from RA or osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissues and treated with control, EPCR, or sPLA₂V small interfering RNA (siRNA); recombinant human APC, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), or sPLA₂V. RASF viability and migration/invasion were measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and collagen gel migration/invasion assays, respectively, and cartilage degradation by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay in the presence of human OA articular cartilage explants. The expression or activation of cytokines, EPCR, cadherin-11, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, and nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB) or both were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, or immunostaining.ResultsEPCR was expressed by both OASFs and RASFs but was markedly increased in RASFs. When EPCR was suppressed by siRNA or blocking antibody cell viability, cell invasion and cartilage degradation were reduced by more than 30%. Inflammatory mediators interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), cadherin-11, and NF-κB were significantly reduced by EPCR suppression under control or TNF-α-stimulated conditions. The expression or activation (or both) of MAP kinases ERK, p38, and JNK were also markedly decreased in cells transfected with EPCR siRNA. Further analysis revealed that sPLA₂V co-localized with EPCR on RASFs. Suppression of sPLA₂V reduced cell viability and cartilage degradation and increased APC binding to RASFs. Conversely, recombinant sPLA₂V increased cartilage degradation, blocked APC binding to RASFs, and could not rescue the effects induced by EPCR suppression.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that EPCR is overexpressed by RASFs and mediates the aggressive behavior of RASFs. This function of EPCR is contrary to its cytoprotective role in other settings and is likely driven by sPLA₂V.
| S-EPMC3979138 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We previously reported that LDL modified by group V secretory phospholipase A2 (GV-LDL) promotes macrophage foam cell formation through a mechanism independent of scavenger receptors SR-A and CD36, and dependent on cellular proteoglycans. This study investigates the role of syndecans, a family of cell surface proteoglycans known to mediate endocytosis through macropinocytosis, in macrophage uptake of GV-LDL. LY 294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, significantly reduced internalization of (125)I-labeled GV-LDL in J-774 macrophages, consistent with a macropinocytic uptake pathway. Using small, interfering RNA-directed gene silencing, we demonstrated a direct relationship between (125)I-labeled GV-LDL binding and the level of syndecan-3 and syndecan-4 expression in J-774 cells. However, (125)I-labeled GV-LDL uptake was significantly reduced only when syndecan-4 expression was suppressed. Peritoneal macrophages from syndecan-4-deficient mice exhibited markedly reduced uptake of fluorescently labeled GV-LDL compared with wild-type cells. Furthermore, cholesteryl ester accumulation induced by GV-LDL was dependent on syndecan-4 expression. Syndecan-4 expression and GV-LDL binding were significantly increased in J-774 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide, suggesting that GV-LDL uptake via this pathway may be enhanced during inflammation. Taken together, our data point to a novel role for syndecan-4 in mediating the uptake of GV-LDL, a process implicated in atherosclerotic lesion progression.
| S-EPMC2656657 | biostudies-literature
Project description:sPLA2 (secretory phospholipase A2) enzymes have been implicated in various biological events, yet their precise physiological functions remain largely unresolved. In the present study we show that group V and X sPLA2s, which are two potent plasma membrane-acting sPLA2s, are capable of preventing host cells from being infected with an adenovirus. Bronchial epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts pre-expressing group V and X sPLA2s showed marked resistance to adenovirus-mediated gene delivery in a manner dependent on their catalytic activity. Although adenovirus particles were insensitive to recombinant group V and X sPLA2s, direct addition of these enzymes to 293A cells suppressed both number and size of adenovirus plaque formation. Group V and X sPLA2s retarded the entry of adenovirus into endosomes. Moreover, adenoviral infection was suppressed by LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine), a membrane-hydrolytic product of these sPLA2s. Thus hydrolysis of the plasma membrane by these sPLA2s may eventually lead to the protection of host cells from adenovirus entry. Given that group V and X sPLA2s are expressed in human airway epithelium and macrophages and that the expression of endogenous group V sPLA2 is upregulated by virus-related stimuli in these cells, our present results raise the possibility that group V and X sPLA2s may play a role in innate immunity against adenoviral infection in the respiratory tract.
| S-EPMC1383668 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Several structurally related plant lipids were isolated and their effect was assessed on the enzyme activity of group I (pancreatic and Naja mocambique venom) and group II (Crotalus atrox venom) phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, with labelled Escherichia coli as an enzyme substrate. The neutral monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and negatively charged diacylglyceryl alpha-D-glucuronide (DGGA) did not influence the enzyme activity of either group. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), another uncharged glycolipid, inhibited PLA2 activity in a dose-dependent manner to 60-70% of the control. Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), which is also anionic, activated both groups of PLA2 enzyme. A similar activation was observed with the zwitterionic diacylglyceryl-O-(N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine) (DGTS) and diacylglyceryl-O-(hydroxymethyl)(N,N, N-trimethyl)-beta-alanine (DGTA). DGDG, SQDG and DGTS are dispersed homogeneously with low critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). The hydrodynamic radius of neutral DGDG is an order of magnitude larger than the charged lipids SQDG and DGTS. The inhibition of pig pancreatic PLA2 by DGDG was dependent on substrate concentration. The intrinsic fluorescence spectra of the enzyme was not changed in the presence of native or hydrogenated DGDG. Thus the inhibition is most probably due to a non-specific interaction of plant lipids with the substrate. Different lengths and saturations of the fatty acyl chains of DGDG did not alter the inhibition of PLA2, whereas deacylation abrogated the inhibitory effect. Both SQDG and DGTS activated pig pancreatic PLA2 in a dose-dependent manner. Saturation of the double bonds of these lipids decreased the activating effect. The fluorescence of pig pancreatic PLA2 incubated with SQDG and DGTS was enhanced by 2-fold and 3-fold respectively, suggesting the formation of a complex between enzyme and lipids. In conclusion, the effect of different plant lipids on PLA2 activity depends on different structural elements of the polar head group and their charge as well as the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acyl chains.
| S-EPMC1217902 | biostudies-other
Project description:GX sPLA(2) potently hydrolyzes plasma membranes to generate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids; it has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. To identify a novel role for group X (GX) secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) in modulating ATP binding casette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP binding casette transporter G1 (ABCG1) expression and, therefore, macrophage cholesterol efflux.The overexpression or exogenous addition of GX sPLA(2) significantly reduced ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in J774 macrophage-like cells, whereas GX sPLA(2) deficiency in mouse peritoneal macrophages was associated with enhanced expression. Altered ABC transporter expression led to reduced cholesterol efflux in GX sPLA(2)-overexpressing J774 cells and increased efflux in GX sPLA(2)-deficient mouse peritoneal macrophages. Gene regulation was dependent on GX sPLA(2) catalytic activity, mimicked by arachidonic acid and abrogated when liver X receptor (LXR)?/? expression was suppressed, and partially reversed by the LXR agonist T0901317. Reporter assays indicated that GX sPLA(2) suppresses the ability of LXR to transactivate its promoters through a mechanism involving the C-terminal portion of LXR spanning the ligand-binding domain.GX sPLA(2) modulates gene expression in macrophages by generating lipolytic products that suppress LXR activation. GX sPLA(2) may play a previously unrecognized role in atherosclerotic lipid accumulation by negatively regulating the genes critical for cellular cholesterol efflux.
| S-EPMC2958102 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an evolutionally conserved enigmatic biomarker of inflammation. In acute inflammation, SAA plasma levels increase ~1,000 fold, suggesting that this protein family has a vital beneficial role. SAA increases simultaneously with secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), compelling us to determine how SAA influences sPLA2 hydrolysis of lipoproteins. SAA solubilized phospholipid bilayers to form lipoproteins that provided substrates for sPLA2. Moreover, SAA sequestered free fatty acids and lysophospholipids to form stable proteolysis-resistant complexes. Unlike albumin, SAA effectively removed free fatty acids under acidic conditions, which characterize inflammation sites. Therefore, SAA solubilized lipid bilayers to generate substrates for sPLA2 and removed its bioactive products. Consequently, SAA and sPLA2 can act synergistically to remove cellular membrane debris from injured sites, which is a prerequisite for tissue healing. We postulate that the removal of lipids and their degradation products constitutes a vital primordial role of SAA in innate immunity; this role remains to be tested in vivo.
| S-EPMC6557629 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPhospholipase A2 liberates free fatty acids and lysophospholipids upon hydrolysis of phospholipids and these products are often associated with detrimental effects such as inflammation and cerebral ischemia. The neuroprotective effect of neutral phospholipase from snake venom has been investigated.ResultsA neutral anticoagulant secretory phospholipase A2 (nPLA) from the venom of Naja sputatrix (Malayan spitting cobra) has been found to reduce infarct volume in rats subjected to focal transient cerebral ischemia and to alleviate the neuronal damage in organotypic hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Real-time PCR based gene expression analysis showed that anti-apoptotic and pro-survival genes have been up-regulated in both in vivo and in vitro models. Staurosporine or OGD mediated apoptotic cell death in astrocytoma cells has also been found to be reduced by nPLA with a corresponding reduction in caspase 3 activity.ConclusionWe have found that a secretory phospholipase (nPLA) purified from snake venom could reduce infarct volume in rodent stroke model. nPLA, has also been found to reduce neuronal cell death, apoptosis and promote cell survival in vitro ischemic conditions. In all conditions, the protective effects could be seen at sub-lethal concentrations of the protein.
| S-EPMC2758888 | biostudies-literature