Oncological implications of RET gene mutations in Hirschsprung's disease.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Sijmons RH
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1727297 | biostudies-other | 1998 Oct
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), the most common congenital malformation of the gut, is regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways. Several components of these pathways are important targets for microRNAs (miRNAs). Multiple miRNAs have been associated with the pathophysiology of HSCR, and serum miRNAs profiles of HSCR patients have been reported, but miRNA expression in HSCR colon tissue is almost completely unexplored. Using microarray technology, we screened colon tissue to detect miRNAs whose expression profiles were altered in HSCR and identify targets of differentially expressed miRNAs. Following filtering of low-intensity signals, data normalization, and volcano plot filtering, we identified 168 differentially expressed miRNAs (104 up-regulated and 64 down-regulated). Fifty of these mRNAs represent major targets of dysegulated miRNAs and may thus important roles in the pathophysiology of HSCR. Pathway analysis revealed that 7 of the miRNA targets encode proteins involved in regulation of cell proliferation and migration via RET and related signaling pathways (MAPK and PI3K/AKT). Our results identify miRNAs that play key roles in the pathophysiology of the complex multi-factorial disease HSCR.
| S-EPMC4774952 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: In Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR), a hypomorphic allele of a major gene, RET, accounts for most isolated (non-syndromic) cases, along with other autosomal susceptibility loci under a multiplicative model. However, some syndromic forms of HSCR are monogenic entities, for which the disease causing gene is known. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether RET could be considered a modifier gene for the enteric phenotype on the background of a monogenic trait. METHODS: The syndromic HSCR entities studied were congenital central hypoventilation (CCHS) and Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS), caused by PHOX2B and ZFHX1B gene mutations, respectively. The RET locus was genotyped in 143 CCHS patients, among whom 44 had HSCR, and in 30 MWS patients, among whom 20 had HSCR. The distribution of alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes was compared within the different groups. To test the interaction in vivo, heterozygous mice were bred for a null allele of Phox2b and Ret genes. RESULTS: RET was shown to act as a modifier gene for the HSCR phenotype in patients with CCHS but not with MWS. The intestine of double heterozygote mice was indistinguishable from their littermates. A loss of over 50% of each gene function seemed necessary in the mouse model for an enteric phenotype to occur. CONCLUSIONS: In CCHS patients, the weak predisposing haplotype of the RET gene can be regarded as a quantitative trait, being a risk factor for the HSCR phenotype, while in MWS, for which the HSCR penetrance is high, the role of the RET predisposing haplotype is not significant. It seems likely that there are both RET dependent and RET independent HSCR cases.
| S-EPMC2649010 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundMany publications have evaluated the correlation between RET, PHOX2B polymorphisms and Hirschsprung's disease with conflicting results. We performed this meta-analysis to clarify the association of RET, PHOX2B polymorphisms with HSCR.MethodsWe searched Pubmed, Elsevier Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, Chinese Biomedical database, Google scholar. The combined odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI was calculated to estimate the strength of the association. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed.ResultsIn total, 16 studies concerning RET and 4 studies concerning PHOX2B were included in the meta-analysis. The effects of five polymorphisms of RET (rs1800858, rs1800860, rs1800861, rs10900297, rs2435357) and one polymorphism (rs28647582) of PHOX2B were evaluated. We found a significant correlation between RET polymorphisms and HSCR. For rs1800858, the overall ORs (95% CI) of the A versus G, AA versus GG, AA/AG versus GG and AA versus GG/AG were 3.81 (2.28-6.35); 8.36 (3.45-20.25); 3.59 (1.83-7.02); and 6.60 (3.66-11.89). For rs1800861, the comparison of subjects in the G versus T, GG versus TT, GG/TG versus TT and GG versus TT/TG were 2.85(1.81-4.47); 5.38(2.68-10.80); 3.07(2.17-4.34) and 4.14(1.84-9.30) respectively. For rs10900297, the comparison results showed statistically significant. (OR(C versus A) = 5.05,95%CI = 4.16-6.13; OR(CC versus AA) = 9.73, 95%CI = 5.94-15.94; OR(CC/AC versus AA) = 5.31, 95%CI = 3.27-6.82; OR(CC versus AC/AA) = 7.06,95%CI = 5.60-8.91.) But, for rs1800860, the GG/GA versus AA did not reach statistical association (OR = 3.77, 95% CI = 0.94-15.07) and the G versus A, GG versus AA, GG versus GA/AA were 2.23 (1.60-3.11);4.56 (1.14-18.27); 2.38 (1.66-3.43) respectively. For rs2435357, the T versus C, TT versus CC, TT/TC versus CC and TT versus CC/TC were 4.53 (3.27-6.27); 11.44 (5.67-23.10); 4.04 (2.92-5.57), and 9.01(5.25-15.46).The single polymorphism of PHOX2B gene wasn't related to the risk for HSCR.ConclusionsThis meta-analysis shows a significant association between RET polymorphisms and HSCR.
| S-EPMC3961244 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimTo investigate the genetic relationship between Hirschsprung's disease (HD) and intestinal neuronal dysplasia (IND) in Chinese population.MethodsPeripheral blood samples were obtained from 30 HD patients, 20 IND patients, 18 HD/IND combined patients and 20 normal individuals as control. Genomic DNA was extracted according to standard procedure. Exons 11,13,15,17 of RET proto-oncogene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mutations of RET proto-oncogene were analyzed by single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing of the positive amplified products was performed.ResultsEight germline sequence variants were detected. In HD patients, 2 missense mutations in exon 11 at nucleotide 15165 G-->A (G667S), 2 frameshift mutations in exon 13 at nucleotide 18974 (18974insG), 1 missense mutation in exon 13 at nucleotide 18919 A-->G (K756E) and 1 silent mutation in exon 15 at nucleotide 20692 G-->A(Q916Q) were detected. In HD/IND combined patients, 1 missense mutation in exon 11 at nucleotide 15165 G-->A and 1 silent mutation in exon 13 at nucleotide 18888 T-->G (L745L) were detected. No mutation was found in IND patients and controls.ConclusionMutation of RET proto-oncogene is involved in the etiopathogenesis of HD. The frequency of RET proto-oncogene mutation is quite different between IND and HD in Chinese population. IND is a distinct clinical entity genetically different from HD.
| S-EPMC4087911 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a rare congenital disease caused by impaired proliferation and migration of neural crest cells. We investigated changes in expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and the genes they regulate in tissues of patients with HSCR. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses were used to measure levels of miRNA, mRNAs, and proteins in colon tissues from 69 patients with HSCR and 49 individuals without HSCR (controls). Direct interactions between miRNAs and specific mRNAs were indentified in vitro, while the function role of miR-218-1 was investigated by using miR-218 transgenic mice. An increased level of miR-218-1 correlated with increased levels of SLIT2 and decreased levels of RET and PLAG1 mRNA and protein. The reductions in RET and PLAG1 by miR-218-1 reduced proliferation and migration of SH-SY5Y cells. Overexpression of the secreted form of SLIT2 inhibited cell migration via binding to its receptor ROBO1. Bowel tissues from miR-218-1 transgenic mice had nerve fibre hyperplasia and reduced numbers of gangliocytes, compared with wild-type mice. Altered miR-218-1 regulation of SLIT2, RET and PLAG1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR.
| S-EPMC4459835 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND: Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a complex disorder with traditional germline mutations in RET in up to 30% of familial cases and in 3% of sporadic cases in a population-based series. We have previously demonstrated that an ancestral haplotype at the 5' end of RET (haplotype 0) was strongly associated with a large subset of isolated HSCR cases and that a putative low penetrance susceptibility locus was encompassed within this ancestral haplotype, anchored by exon 2 SNP A45A. OBJECTIVE: To determine the 5' extent of the HSCR-associated ancestral haplotype by defining the linkage disequilibrium breakpoint in search for the low penetrance susceptibility locus. METHODS: Systematic screening of the region upstream of the anchoring A45A SNP, comprising RET intron 1, exon 1, and promoter in 117 population-based HSCR cases and 100 controls. Dual luciferase assay to determine differential activities between SNP combinations near a transcription start site. RESULTS: New SNP's were found which formed upstream haplotypes, anchored by A45A, in linkage disequilibrium with HSCR (2 = 76.96, p<0.00000001). Linkage disequilibrium appeared to break at the -1249C/T SNP. Further, the HSCR-associated genotype (00) was found in >60% of HSCR but only 2% of controls. Because only 2 variants, -200A>G and -196C>A, lie within the promoter region and are in proximity to the transcriptional start site (at -195), we modelled these combinations into constructs for luciferase reporter assay. The HSCR-associated SNP combination showed the lowest activity and the control-associated combination, the highest. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations seem to discard the existence of a HSCR-causing mutation as it is conceived in the traditional sense, but strengthen the idea of a specific combination of variants conferring susceptibility to the disease in a low penetrance fashion. The data derived from our functional "in vitro" studies would suggest that the HSCR-associated haplotype 0 may result in a lower level of expression of the RET gene [corrected]
| S-EPMC1736040 | biostudies-other
Project description:Hirschsprung's disease is a neuronal dysplasia of the hindgut, characterised by a loss of neurones, which affects about 1 in 5000 live births. Genetic factors have been implicated in the aetiology of this disease in about 20% of cases and a dominant pattern of inheritance has been revealed in several families. The pathogenesis of the aganglionosis is often attributed to a failure of migration of neural crest cells, although this has not been proven. Recently, mutations in a developmentally regulated receptor tyrosine kinase gene, ret, and mutations in the endothelin receptor-B gene (ENDR-B) have both been linked to familial Hirschsprung's disease in humans. Moreover, certain mutant mouse strains--namely piebald lethal and lethal spotted--exhibit striking similarities to the human condition. The mutation which gives rise to piebald lethal has now been found to be in the ENDR-B gene, and the mutation associated with lethal spotted occurs in the gene for endothelin-3 (ET-3), a ligand for ENDR-B. Two transgenic mouse lines have been developed which also reflect the human disease: ret-k-, which has a loss of function mutation of the ret gene, and ENDR-B null. In addition, the introduction of a Lac-Z reporter gene into neural crest cells of aganglionic mice has made it possible to study directly the fate of enteric neuroblasts which are affected by "Hirschsprung's-like" mutations. Here, we review the possible roles of RET and endothelin in the normal development of the enteric nervous system, and the significance of their mutated forms in the pathogenesis of familial aganglionosis. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of the lesions which have been implicated in congenital forms of Hirschsprung's disease. Disruption of these genes in the mouse, either by transgenic "knockout" approaches or in mutant mouse lines, offers the prospect of greater understanding of both the cellular and developmental bases of the human disease.
| S-EPMC1891517 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundHirschsprung's disease (HD) is a genetic disorder with a complex pattern of inheritance. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are identified to be associated with the risk of Hirschsprung's Disease (HSCR).Aims and objectivesThe aim of this study is to know the association between the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene polymorphism and HD and to characterize the SNPs of RET proto-oncogene affecting HD.Materials and methodsThe study was conducted in the Department of Pathology in association with the Department of Pediatric Surgery. Blood samples were collected from the patients diagnosed with confirmed HD and from age- and sex-matched controls. This case-control study consisted of 53 HSCR cases and 50 controls. Genotypes of rs1800860 and rs1800861 were analysed in by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sanger sequencing. Associations with the risk of HSCR were estimated by odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using.ResultsWe observed that in the case of rs1800860A > G genotype AG was not associated with the increasing risk of disease (OR with 95% CI = 0.568 [0.238-1.356]) while genotype GG was associated with increasing the risk of the disease (OR with 95% CI = 2.278 [0.967-5.366]). In the case of rs1800861G > T genotype GT was associated with lowering the risk of the disease (OR with 95% CI = 0.230 [0.0981-0.539]) while genotype TT was associated with increasing the risk of the disease (OR with 95% CI = 9.647 [3.830-24.302]). The difference in the genotypic distribution of GT and TT at rs1800861G > T between Short segment disease (SSD) cases and Long Segment Disease (LSD) and total colonic aganglionosis was made by Fisher's exact test and it was statistically significant (P = 0.0476 and 0.0054).ConclusionThe results of this study support the hypothesis that variations in RET pathway might play an important role in the development of HSCR.
| S-EPMC8051638 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the gut. RET is considered to be the main susceptibility gene. In our previous screening of 83 HSCR patients, targeted exome sequencing identified nine rare variants of RET, most of which were new discoveries. Here, we performed in vitro arrays with functional studies to investigate their effects. Two variants (p.R77C and p.R67insL) were demonstrated to disrupt the glycosylation of RET and affect its subcellular localization. Three nonsense mutations (p.W85X, p.E252X, and p.Y263X) could not produce detectable RET full-length protein, and the other three mutations (p.R770X, p.Q860X, and p.V778Afs*1) were translated into truncated proteins of predicted sizes. One canonical splice acceptor site mutation (c.2802-2 A > G) was verified to affect gene regulation through aberrant splicing. In addition, we explored the effects of read-through reagents on RET nonsense mutations and showed that G418 significantly increased the full-length RET protein expression of p.Y263X in a dose-dependent manner, together with a mild recovery of p-ERK and p-STAT3. Our data provide a functional analysis of novel RET mutations and suggest that all of the rare variants detected from patients with clinically severe HSCR are indeed pathogenic. Thus, our findings have implications for proper genetic counseling.
| S-EPMC6792140 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In rare families RET tyrosine kinase receptor substitutions located in exon 10 (especially at positions 609, 618, and 620) can concomitantly cause the MEN 2A (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A) or FMTC (familial medullary thyroid carcinoma) cancer syndromes, and Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). No animal model mimicking the co-existence of the MEN 2 pathology and HSCR is available, and the association of these activating mutations with a developmental defect still represents an unresolved problem. The aim of this work was to investigate the significance of the RET(C620R) substitution in the pathogenesis of both gain- and loss-of-function RET-associated diseases. We report the generation of a line of mice carrying the C620R mutation in the Ret gene. Although Ret(C620R) homozygotes display severe defects in kidney organogenesis and enteric nervous system development leading to perinatal lethality. Ret(C620R) heterozygotes recapitulate features characteristic of HSCR including hypoganglionosis of the gastrointestinal tract. Surprisingly, heterozygotes do not show any defects in the thyroid that might be attributable to a gain-of-function mutation. The Ret(C620R) allele is responsible for HSCR and affects the development of kidneys and the enteric nervous system (ENS). These mice represent an interesting model for studying new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HSCR disease.
| S-EPMC1606559 | biostudies-literature