Scapular deformity in obstetric brachial plexus palsy: a new finding.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Nath RK
PROVIDER: S-EPMC1820760 | biostudies-other | 2007 Mar
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Shoulder fusion for sequelae of obstetrical brachial plexus injury is reported as a valuable surgical solution with very good results and functional range of motion. It is traditionally performed in open fashion. Few reports describe the technique of arthroscopic shoulder fusion, but nearly all of them were done in cases with traumatic brachial plexus injury that have normal joint anatomy. This report describes and discusses the arthroscopic shoulder fusion technique in cases with disorganized glenohumeral joint secondary to obstetric brachial plexus injury. An illustrative case example is presented.
| S-EPMC7372597 | biostudies-literature
Project description:(1) Background: Although most brachial plexus birth palsies show some spontaneous recovery, secondary operations are likely to follow. Accordingly, due to the loss of muscle innervation, the growth of the affected limb and the shoulder girdle is reduced. This is associated with pathological scapula positioning and rotation. The objective of this work was to clarify the relationship between length differences of the two clavicles and different types of scapular dyskinesia. (2) Methods: Twenty-five patients suffering from brachial plexus birth palsy were included in this retrospective study. There were eighteen female and seven male patients with a mean age of 10 years (2 to 23 years). CT scans of the thoracic cage, including both shoulder joints and both clavicles, were obtained preoperatively between 2010 and 2012. Radiographic measurements were taken of the axial plane and 3D reconstructions were produced. Functional evaluations of possible movement and scapular dyskinesia were performed. (3) Results: We found an increasing difference in the length of the clavicle (both in absolute and relative terms) in the children with more pronounced scapular dyskinesia. Additionally, with increasing clavicle length differences, the scapula was positioned in a deteriorated angle compared to the healthy side. Significant positive correlations were identified for the age and absolute difference of the clavicle length and the length and width of the scapula on the affected side. (4) Conclusion: Scapular dyskinesia, which is a common finding in brachial plexus birth palsy, is strongly related to reduced clavicle growth. Reduced clavicle length (which is a relatively easily examinable parameter) compared to the healthy side can be used to estimate the extent of scapular malpositioning on the thoracic cage. The extent and severity of scapular dyskinesia increases with augmented differences in the length of the clavicle.
| S-EPMC11355126 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We present 4 children between 6 and 13 years suffering from severe sequelae after a total obstetric brachial plexus lesion resulting in a hand without functional active long finger flexion. They had successfully reanimated long finger flexion using a free functional gracilis muscle transfer. These children initially presented a total obstetric brachial plexus palsy without neurotisation of the lower trunk in an early microsurgical nerve reconstruction procedure. We describe our indications for this complex microsurgical procedure, the surgical technique and the outcome.
| S-EPMC2584626 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries can have devastating effects on upper extremity function. Although neurolysis, nerve repair, and nerve grafting have been used to treat injuries to the plexus, nerve transfer makes use of an undamaged nerve to supply motor input over a relatively short distance to reinnervate a denervated muscle. A review of several recent innovations in nerve transfer surgery for brachial plexus injuries is illustrated with surgical cases performed at this institution.
| S-EPMC2504085 | biostudies-other
Project description:BACKGROUND:Residual muscle weakness, cross-innervation (caused by misdirected regenerating axons), and muscular imbalance are the main causes of internal rotation contractures leading to limitation of shoulder joint movement, glenoid dysplasia, and deformity in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Muscle transfers and release of antagonistic muscles improve range of motion as well as halt or reverse the deterioration in the bony architecture of the shoulder joint. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of shoulder muscle transfer for shoulder abnormalities in obstetric brachial plexus palsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS:One hundred and fifty patients of obstetric brachial plexus palsy with shoulder deformity underwent shoulder muscle transfer along with anterior shoulder release at our institutions from 1999 to 2007. Shoulder function was assessed both preoperatively and postoperatively using aggregate modified Mallet score and active and passive range of motion. The mean duration of follow-up was 4 years (2.5-8 years). RESULTS:The mean preoperative abduction was 45° ± 7.12, mean passive external rotation was 10° ± 6.79, the mean active external rotation was 0°, and the mean aggregate modified Mallet score was 11.2 ± 1.41. At a mean follow-up of 4 years (2.5-8 years), the mean active abduction was 120° ± 18.01, the mean passive external rotation was 80° ± 10.26, while the mean active external rotation was 45° ± 3.84. The mean aggregate modified Mallet score was 19.2 ± 1.66. CONCLUSIONS:This procedure can thus be seen as a very effective tool to treat internal rotation and adduction contractures, achieve functional active abduction and external rotation, as well as possibly prevent glenohumeral dysplasia, though the long-term effects of this procedure may still have to be studied in detail clinico-radiologically to confirm this hypothesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic level IV.
| S-EPMC3111117 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeRight obstetric brachial plexus injuries (OBPI) often lead to left-handedness before limb function is restored post-surgery. A pertinent question arises about promoting a transition from left to right-handedness. We hypothesized that, with the decrease in neuroplasticity, handedness switching is not only difficult, but also reduces handedness-speech lateralization, impaired motor adaptability, and compromised language proficiency.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed clinical data from January 1996 to January 2012 at our hospital. Participants were divided into intervention or control groups based on handedness switching. We compared handedness and computed lateral quotient (LQ) and lateralization index (LI) for handedness-speech center. Additionally, we assessed dominant hand's writing speed, language function, and IQ. Associations between absolute LI and LQ values, writing speed, language scores, and IQ were examined.ResultsNineteen extended Erb's palsy participants were enrolled, eight in the intervention group, and 11 in the control. No right-handed individuals were found in either cohort. The intervention group had significantly lower LQ and LI values, and fewer achieved normal writing speed. Yet, no notable disparities in language scores or IQ emerged. Notably, we established correlations between motor finesse, handedness degree, and handedness-speech lateralization.ConclusionFor right extended Erb's palsy, shifting handedness is nearly unfeasible, and such an endeavor could trigger a reduction in handedness-speech lateralization magnitude and diminished motor finesse.
| S-EPMC10800742 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The time window for repair of the lower trunk is shorter than that of the upper trunk in patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The denervated intrinsic muscles of the hand become irreversibly atrophic much faster than the denervated biceps. However, it is unclear whether the motor endplates of the denervated interosseous muscles degenerate more rapidly than those of the denervated biceps. In this study, we used a rat model of obstetric brachial plexus palsy of the right upper limb. C5-6 was lacerated distal to the intervertebral foramina, with concurrent avulsion of C7-8 and T1, with the left upper limb used as the control. Bilateral interossei and biceps were collected at 5 and 7 weeks. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the morphology of the motor endplates. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay were used to assess mRNA and protein expression levels of acetylcholine receptor subunits (α, β and δ), rapsyn and β-catenin. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that motor endplates in the denervated interossei were fragmented, while those in the denervated biceps were morphologically intact with little fragmentation. The number and area of motor endplates, relative to the control side, were significantly lower in the denervated interossei compared with the denervated biceps. mRNA and protein expression levels of acetylcholine receptor subunits (α, β and δ) were significantly lower, whereas β-catenin protein expression was higher, in the denervated interossei compared with the denervated biceps. The protein expression of rapsyn was higher in the denervated biceps than in the denervated interossei at 7 weeks. Our findings demonstrate that motor endplates of interossei are destabilized, whereas those of the biceps remain stable, in the rat model of obstetric brachial plexus palsy. All procedures were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Fudan University, China (approval No. DF-187) in January 2016.
| S-EPMC7437588 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The purpose of this investigation was to determine size differences between affected and unaffected upper extremities in patients with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP). Forty-eight patients with BPBP underwent measurements of the bilateral upper extremities. Average age at the time of evaluation was 47 months. In addition, patients or families were asked "How important is the difference in arm size and appearance to you?" Active motion was assessed using the modified Mallet classification, Toronto Test Score, and Hospital for Sick Children Active Movement Scale. Correlation between ratios of affected to unaffected limb lengths and girths and measures of active motion were assessed using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Upper arm, forearm, and hand lengths of the affected limbs were, on average, 95%, 94%, and 97% of the contralateral unaffected side, respectively. Upper arm girth, forearm girth, and hand width were, on average, 97%, 98%, and 95% of the contralateral side, respectively. All differences achieved statistical significance (p < 0.01). Furthermore, over 37% of patients or families reported that limb differences were "very" or "extremely important" to them. No statistically significant correlation between age and limb length discrepancy was noted. Furthermore, there were no correlations between upper limb discrepancies and measures of active motion in individual patients. Patients with BPBP and persistent neurological deficits may expect the affected upper extremity to be on average approximately 95% the length and girth of the contralateral limb. These differences do not correlate with patient age or clinical measurements of active movement.
| S-EPMC2584210 | biostudies-other
Project description:The outcome of primary brachial plexus reconstruction in extended Erb's obstetric palsy with single root avulsion has not been specifically documented in the literature.A series of 46 consecutive cases of extended Erb's obstetric palsy with single root avulsion was retrospectively reviewed. The upper and middle trunks were reconstructed with nerve grafts from the available two roots. No nerve transfers were used. The percentage of a satisfactory motor recovery was documented.The postoperative motor recovery was excellent (over 97%) satisfactory outcome for elbow flexion, elbow extension, and digital extension. A satisfactory wrist extension was noted in 84.8% of children. The lowest rates of satisfactory outcomes were for shoulder external rotation (65.2%) and shoulder abduction (56.5%).In extended Erb's obstetric palsy with single root avulsion, two ruptured roots are available for intraplexus neurotization of the upper and middle trunks. The surgeon gives a priority to elbow flexion and this is translated in an excellent outcome for elbow flexion. The triceps and digital extensors get a major contribution form the unaffected C8 root, and this is also translated in an excellent outcome for these two functions. Fewer cable grafts are available for reconstruction of the posterior division of upper trunk and the middle trunk, resulting in a lower rate of satisfactory outcomes at the shoulder for wrist extension. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.
| S-EPMC5524862 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundNeonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) is a serious complication of high-risk deliveries with controversy surrounding timing of corrective nerve surgery. This review systematically examines the existing literature and investigates correlations between age at time of upper trunk brachial plexus microsurgery and surgical outcomes.MethodsA systematic screening of PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases using PRISMA-IPD guidelines was conducted in January 2020 to include full-text English papers with microsurgery in upper trunk palsy, pediatric patients. Spearman rank correlation analysis and two-tailed t-tests were performed using individual patient data to determine the relationship between mean age at time of surgery and outcome as determined by the Mallet, Medical Research Council (MRC), or Active Movement Scale (AMS) subscores.ResultsTwo thousand nine hundred thirty six papers were screened to finalize 25 papers containing individual patient data (n = 256) with low to moderate risk of bias, as assessed by the ROBINS-I assessment tool. Mallet subscore for hand-to-mouth and shoulder abduction, AMS subscore for elbow flexion and external rotation, and MRC subscore for elbow flexion were analyzed alongside the respective age of patients at surgery. Spearman rank correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (ρ = -0.30, p < .01, n = 89) between increasing age (5.50 ± 2.09 months) and Mallet subscore for hand-to-mouth (3.43 ± 0.83). T-tests revealed a significant decrease in Mallet hand-to-mouth subscores after 6 months (p < .05) and 9 months (p < .05) of age. No significant effects were observed for Mallet shoulder abduction, MRC elbow flexion, or AMS elbow flexion and external rotation.ConclusionThe cumulative evidence suggests a significant negative correlation between age at microsurgery and Mallet subscores for hand-to-mouth. However, a similar correlation with age at surgery was not observed for Mallet shoulder abduction, MRC elbow flexion, AMS external rotation, and AMS elbow flexion subscores.
| S-EPMC9305151 | biostudies-literature