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Modulation of vascular function by perivascular adipose tissue: the role of endothelium and hydrogen peroxide.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) attenuates vascular contraction, but the mechanisms remain largely unknown. The possible involvement of endothelium (E) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Aortic rings from Wistar rats were prepared with both PVAT and E intact (PVAT+ E+), with either PVAT or E removed (PVAT- E+, or PVAT+ E-), or with both removed (PVAT- E-) for functional studies. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured. KEY RESULTS: Contraction to phenylephrine and 5-HT respectively was highest in PVAT- E-, lowest in PVAT+ E+, and intermediate in PVAT+ E- or PVAT- E+. In bioassay experiments, transferring bathing solution incubated with a PVAT+ ring (donor) to a PVAT- ring (recipient) induced relaxation in the recipient. This relaxation was abolished by E removal, NO synthase inhibition, scavenging of NO, high extracellular K+, or blockade of calcium-dependent K+ channels (K(Ca)). The solution stimulated NO production in isolated endothelial cells and in PVAT- E+ rings. In E- rings, the contraction to phenylephrine of PVAT+ rings but not PVAT- rings was enhanced by catalase or soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, but reduced by superoxide dismutase and tiron. In PVAT- E- rings, H2O2 attenuated phenylephrine-induced contraction. This effect was counteracted by sGC inhibition. NO donor and H2O2 exhibited additive inhibition of the contraction to phenylephrine in PVAT- E- rings. CONCLUSION: PVAT exerts its anti-contractile effects through two distinct mechanisms: (1) by releasing a transferable relaxing factor which induces endothelium-dependent relaxation through NO release and subsequent K(Ca) channel activation, and (2) by an endothelium-independent mechanism involving H2O2 and subsequent activation of sGC.

SUBMITTER: Gao YJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2013985 | biostudies-other | 2007 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:ADP activates a family of cell surface receptors that modulate signaling pathways in a broad range of cells. ADP receptor antagonists are widely used to treat cardiovascular disease states. These studies identify a critical role for the stable reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mediating cellular responses activated by the G protein-coupled P2Y1 receptor for ADP. We found that ADP-dependent phosphorylation of key endothelial signaling proteins--including endothelial nitric oxide synthase, AMP-activated protein kinase, and the actin-binding MARCKS protein--was blocked by preincubation with PEG-catalase, which degrades H2O2. ADP treatment promoted the H2O2-dependent phosphorylation of c-Abl, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that modulates the actin cytoskeleton. Cellular imaging experiments using fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors revealed that ADP-stimulated activation of the cytoskeleton-associated small GTPase Rac1 was independent of H2O2. However, Rac1-dependent activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, the signaling phospholipid phosphatidylinositol-(4, 5)-bisphosphate, and the c-Abl-interacting protein CrkII are mediated by H2O2. We transfected endothelial cells with differentially targeted HyPer2 H2O2 biosensors and found that ADP promoted a marked increase in H2O2 levels in the cytosol and caveolae, and a smaller increase in mitochondria. We performed a screen for P2Y1 receptor-mediated receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation and discovered that ADP transactivates Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in these cells. Our observation that P2Y1 receptor-mediated responses involve Flt3 transactivation may identify a unique mechanism whereby cancer chemotherapy with receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors promotes vascular dysfunction. Taken together, these findings establish a critical role for endogenous H2O2 in control of ADP-mediated signaling responses in the vascular wall.

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Modulation of vascular function by perivascular adipose tissue: the role of endothelium and hydrogen peroxide.

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