Interactions between the juvenile Batten disease gene, CLN3, and the Notch and JNK signalling pathways.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Tuxworth RI
PROVIDER: S-EPMC2638826 | biostudies-other | 2009 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Interactions between the juvenile Batten disease gene, CLN3, and the Notch and JNK signalling pathways.
Tuxworth Richard I RI Vivancos Valérie V O'Hare Megan B MB Tear Guy G
Human molecular genetics 20081121 4
Mutations in the gene CLN3 are responsible for the neurodegenerative disorder juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Batten disease. CLN3 encodes a multi-spanning and hydrophobic transmembrane protein whose function is unclear. As a consequence, the cell biology that underlies the pathology of the disease is not well understood. We have developed a genetic gain-of-function system in Drosophila to identify functional pathways and interactions for CLN3. We have identified previously unknown in ...[more]
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Project description:Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), or juvenile Batten disease, is a pediatric lysosomal storage disease caused by autosomal recessive mutations in CLN3, typified by blindness, seizures, progressive cognitive and motor decline, and premature death. Currently, there is no treatment for JNCL that slows disease progression, which highlights the need to explore novel strategies to extend the survival and quality of life of afflicted children. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a second messenger with pleiotropic effects, including regulating neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. Here we investigated whether 3 phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors (rolipram, roflumilast, and PF-06266047) could mitigate behavioral deficits and cell-specific pathology in the Cln3?ex7/8 mouse model of JNCL.In a randomized, blinded study, wild-type (WT) and Cln3?ex7/8 mice received PDE4 inhibitors daily beginning at 1 or 3 months of age and continuing for 6 to 9 months, with motor deficits assessed by accelerating rotarod testing. The effect of PDE4 inhibitors on cAMP levels, astrocyte and microglial activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein and CD68, respectively), lysosomal pathology (lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1), and astrocyte glutamate transporter expression (glutamate/aspartate transporter) were also examined in WT and Cln3?ex7/8 animals.cAMP levels were significantly reduced in the Cln3?ex7/8 brain, and were restored by PF-06266047. PDE4 inhibitors significantly improved motor function in Cln3?ex7/8 mice, attenuated glial activation and lysosomal pathology, and restored glutamate transporter expression to levels observed in WT animals, with no evidence of toxicity as revealed by blood chemistry analysis.These studies reveal neuroprotective effects for PDE4 inhibitors in Cln3?ex7/8 mice and support their therapeutic potential in JNCL patients. Ann Neurol 2016;80:909-923.
| S-EPMC5215570 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PURPOSE:To characterize the retinal phenotype of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), highlight delayed and mistaken diagnosis, and propose an algorithm for early identification. DESIGN:Retrospective case series. PARTICIPANTS:Eight children (5 female) with JNCL. METHODS:Review of clinical notes, retinal imaging including fundus autofluorescence and OCT, electroretinography (ERG), and both microscopy and molecular genetic testing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS:Demographic data, signs and symptoms, visual acuity (VA), fundus autofluorescence and OCT findings, ERG phenotype, and microscopy/molecular genetics. RESULTS:Participants presented with rapid bilateral vision loss over 1 to 18 months, with mean VA deteriorating from 0.44 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (range, 0.20-1.78 logMAR) at baseline to 1.34 logMAR (0.30 logMAR - light perception) at last follow-up. Age of onset ranged from 3 to 7 years (mean, 5.3 years). The age at diagnosis of JNCL ranged from 7 to 10 years (mean, 8.3 years). Six children displayed eccentric fixation, and 6 children had cognitive or neurologic signs at the time of diagnosis (75%). Seven patients had bilateral bull's-eye maculopathy at presentation. Coats-like exudative vasculopathy, not previously reported in JNCL, was observed in 1 patient. OCT imaging revealed near complete loss of outer retinal layers and marked atrophy of the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers at the central macula. An electronegative ERG was present in 4 patients (50%), but with additional a-wave reduction, there was an undetectable ERG in the remaining 4 patients. Blood film microscopy revealed vacuolated lymphocytes, and electron microscopy showed lysosomal (fingerprint) inclusions in all 8 patients. CONCLUSIONS:In a young child with bilateral rapidly progressive vision loss and macular disturbance, blood film microscopy to detect vacuolated lymphocytes is a rapid, readily accessible, and sensitive screening test for JNCL. Early suspicion of JNCL can be aided by detailed directed history and high-resolution retinal imaging, with subsequent targeted microscopy/genetic testing. Early diagnosis is critical to ensure appropriate management, counseling, support, and social care for children and their families. Furthermore, although potential therapies for this group of disorders are in early-phase clinical trial, realistic expectations are that successful intervention will be most effective when initiated at the earliest stage of disease.
| S-EPMC7479512 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Loss-of-function mutations in CLN3 are responsible for juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), or Batten disease, which is an incurable lysosomal disease that manifests with vision loss, followed by seizures and progressive neurodegeneration, robbing children of motor skills, speech and cognition, and eventually leading to death in the second or third decade of life. Emerging clinical evidence points to JNCL pathology outside of the CNS, including the cardiovascular system. The CLN3 gene encodes an unusual transmembrane protein, CLN3 or battenin, whose elusive function has been the subject of intense study for more than 10 years. Owing to the detailed characterization of a large number of disease models, our knowledge of CLN3 protein function is finally coming into focus. This review will describe the most current understanding of CLN3 structure, function and dysfunction in JNCL.
| S-EPMC3334816 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeTo help differentiate CLN3 (Batten) disease, a devastating childhood metabolic disorder, from the similarly presenting early-onset Stargardt disease (STGD1). Early clinical identification of children with CLN3 disease is essential for adequate referral, counselling and rehabilitation.MethodsMedical chart review of 38 children who were referred to a specialized ophthalmological centre because of rapid vision loss. The patients were subsequently diagnosed with either CLN3 disease (18 patients) or early-onset STGD1 (20 patients).ResultsBoth children who were later diagnosed with CLN3 disease, as children who were later diagnosed with early-onset STGD1, initially presented with visual acuity (VA) loss due to macular dystrophy at 5-10 years of age. VA in CLN3 disease decreased significantly faster than in STGD1 (p = 0.01). Colour vision was often already severely affected in CLN3 disease while unaffected or only mildly affected in STGD1. Optic disc pallor on fundoscopy and an abnormal nerve fibre layer on optical coherence tomography were common in CLN3 disease compared to generally unaffected in STGD1. In CLN3 disease, dark-adapted (DA) full-field electroretinogram (ERG) responses were either absent or electronegative. In early-onset STGD1, DA ERG responses were generally unaffected. None of the STGD1 patients had an electronegative ERG.ConclusionAlready upon presentation at the ophthalmologist, the retina in CLN3 disease is more extensively and more severely affected compared to the retina in early-onset STGD1. This results in more rapid VA loss, severe colour vision abnormalities and abnormal DA ERG responses as the main differentiating early clinical features of CLN3 disease.
| S-EPMC8359263 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Batten disease (juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis [JNCL]) is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by accumulation of lipopigments (lipofuscin and ceroid) in neurons and other cell types. The Batten disease gene, CLN3, was recently isolated, and four disease-causing mutations were identified, including a 1.02-kb deletion that is present in the majority of patients (The International Batten Disease Consortium 1995). One hundred eighty-eight unrelated patients with JNCL were screened in this study to determine how many disease chromosomes carried the 1.02-kb deletion and how many carried other mutations in CLN3. One hundred thirty-nine patients (74%) were found to have the 1.02-kb deletion on both chromosomes, whereas 49 patients (41 heterozygous for the 1.02-kb deletion) had mutations other than the 1.02-kb deletion. SSCP analysis and direct sequencing were used to screen for new mutations in these individuals. Nineteen novel mutations were found: six missense mutations, five nonsense mutations, three small deletions, three small insertions, one intronic mutation, and one splice-site mutation. This report brings the total number of disease-associated mutations in CLN3 to 23. All patients homozygous for mutations predicted to give rise to truncated proteins were found to have classical JNCL. However, a proportion of the patients (n = 4) who were compound heterozygotes for a missense mutation and the 1.02-kb deletion were found to display an atypical phenotype that was dominated by visual failure rather than by severe neurodegeneration. All missense mutations were found to affect residues conserved between the human protein and homologues in diverse species.
| S-EPMC1715900 | biostudies-other
Project description:Yeasts provide an excellent genetically tractable eukaryotic system for investigating the function of genes in their biological context, and are especially relevant for those conserved genes that cause disease. We study the role of btn1, the orthologue of a human gene that underlies an early onset neurodegenerative disease (juvenile CLN3 disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCLs) or Batten disease) in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. A global screen for genetic interactions with btn1 highlighted a conserved key signalling hub in which multiple components functionally relate to this conserved disease gene. This signalling hub includes two major mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, and centers on the Tor kinase complexes TORC1 and TORC2. We confirmed that yeast cells modelling CLN3 disease exhibit features consistent with dysfunction in the TORC pathways, and showed that modulating TORC function leads to a comprehensive rescue of defects in this yeast disease model. The same pathways may be novel targets in the development of therapies for the NCLs and related diseases.
| S-EPMC5354605 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of lysosomal storage disorders that comprise the most common, genetically heterogeneous, fatal neurodegenerative disorders of children. They are characterised by childhood onset, visual failure, epileptic seizures, psychomotor retardation and dementia. CLN3 disease, also known as Batten disease, is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the CLN3 gene, 80-85% of which are a ~1 kb deletion. Currently no treatments exist, and after much suffering, the disease inevitably results in premature death. The aim of this study was to generate a zebrafish model of CLN3 disease using antisense morpholino injection, and characterise the pathological and functional consequences of Cln3 deficiency, thereby providing a tool for future drug discovery. The model was shown to faithfully recapitulate the pathological signs of CLN3 disease, including reduced survival, neuronal loss, retinopathy, axonopathy, loss of motor function, lysosomal storage of subunit c of mitochondrial ATP synthase, and epileptic seizures, albeit with an earlier onset and faster progression than the human disease. Our study provides proof of principle that the advantages of the zebrafish over other model systems can be utilised to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of CLN3 disease and accelerate drug discovery.
| S-EPMC4915684 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Mutations in the CLN3 gene cause a fatal neurodegenerative disorder: juvenile CLN3 disease, also known as juvenile Batten disease. The two most commonly utilized mouse models of juvenile CLN3 disease are Cln3-knockout (Cln3(-/-)) and Cln3(Δex7/8)-knock-in mice, the latter mimicking the most frequent disease-causing human mutation. To determine which mouse model has the most pronounced neurological phenotypes that can be used as outcome measures for therapeutic studies, we compared the exploratory activity, motor function and depressive-like behavior of 1-, 3- and 6-month-old Cln3(-/-) and Cln3(Δex7/8)-knock-in mice on two different genetic backgrounds (129S6/SvEv and C57BL/6J). Although, in many cases, the behavior of Cln3(-/-) and Cln3(Δex7/8) mice was similar, we found genetic-background-, gender- and age-dependent differences between the two mouse models. We also observed large differences in the behavior of the 129S6/SvEv and C57BL/6J wild-type strains, which highlights the strong influence that genetic background can have on phenotype. Based on our results, Cln3(-/-) male mice on the 129S6/SvEv genetic background are the most appropriate candidates for therapeutic studies. They exhibit motor deficits at 1 and 6 months of age in the vertical pole test, and they were the only mice to show impaired motor coordination in the rotarod test at both 3 and 6 months. Cln3(-/-) males on the C57BL/6J background and Cln3(Δex7/8) males on the 129S6/SvEv background also provide good outcome measures for therapeutic interventions. Cln3(-/-) (C57BL/6J) males had serious difficulties in climbing down (at 1 and 6 months) and turning downward on (at 1, 3 and 6 months) the vertical pole, whereas Cln3(Δex7/8) (129S6/SvEv) males climbed down the vertical pole drastically slower than wild-type males at 3 and 6 months of age. Our study demonstrates the importance of testing mouse models on different genetic backgrounds and comparing males and females in order to find the most appropriate disease model for therapeutic studies.
| S-EPMC4381334 | biostudies-literature
Project description:CLN3 Batten disease is an autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disease caused by mutations in CLN3, which encodes a lysosomal membrane protein1-3. There are no disease-modifying treatments for this disease that affects up to 1 in 25,000 births, has an onset of symptoms in early childhood and typically is fatal by 20-30 years of life4-7. Most patients with CLN3 Batten have a deletion encompassing exons 7 and 8 (CLN3∆ex7/8), creating a reading frameshift7,8. Here we demonstrate that mice with this deletion can be effectively treated using an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that induces exon skipping to restore the open reading frame. A single treatment of neonatal mice with an exon 5-targeted ASO-induced robust exon skipping for more than a year, improved motor coordination, reduced histopathology in Cln3∆ex7/8 mice and increased survival in a new mouse model of the disease. ASOs also induced exon skipping in cell lines derived from patients with CLN3 Batten disease. Our findings demonstrate the utility of ASO-based reading-frame correction as an approach to treat CLN3 Batten disease and broaden the therapeutic landscape for ASOs in the treatment of other diseases using a similar strategy.
| S-EPMC8008709 | biostudies-literature
Project description:CLN3-Batten disease is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder involving seizures, visual, motor and cognitive decline, and premature death. The Cln3Δex7/8 mouse model recapitulates several phenotypic characteristics of the most common 1.02kb disease-associated deletion. Identification of reproducible biomarker(s) to facilitate longitudinal monitoring of disease progression and provide readouts for therapeutic response has remained elusive. One factor that has complicated the identification of suitable biomarkers in this mouse model has been that variations in animal husbandry appear to significantly influence readouts. In the current study, we cross-compared a number of biological parameters in blood from Cln3Δex7/8 mice and control, non-disease mice on the same genetic background from multiple animal facilities in an attempt to better define a surrogate marker of CLN3-Batten disease. Interestingly, we found that significant differences between Batten and non-disease mice found at one site were generally not maintained across different facilities. Our results suggest that colony variation in the Cln3Δex7/8 mouse model of CLN3-Batten disease can influence potential biomarkers of the disease.
| S-EPMC6080763 | biostudies-literature