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Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric and anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to adiposity-related biologic factors.

ABSTRACT: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can provide accurate measurements of body composition. Few studies have compared the relative validity of DXA measures with anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The authors compared correlations of DXA measurements of total fat mass and fat mass percent in the whole body and trunk, BMI, and WC with obesity-related biologic factors, including blood pressure and levels of plasma lipids, C-reactive protein, and fasting insulin and glucose, among 8,773 adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2004). Overall, the magnitudes of correlations of BMI and WC with the obesity-related biologic factors were similar to those of fat mass or fat mass percent in the whole body and trunk, respectively. These observations were largely consistent across different age, gender, and ethnic groups. In addition, in both men and women, BMI and WC demonstrated similar abilities to distinguish between participants with and without the metabolic syndrome in comparison with corresponding DXA measurements. These data indicate that the validity of simple anthropometric measures such as BMI and WC is comparable to that of DXA measurements of fat mass and fat mass percent, as evaluated by their associations with obesity-related biomarkers and prevalence of metabolic syndrome.

SUBMITTER: Sun Q

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2998203 | biostudies-other | 2010 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric and anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to adiposity-related biologic factors.

Sun Qi Q van Dam Rob M RM Spiegelman Donna D Heymsfield Steven B SB Willett Walter C WC Hu Frank B FB

American journal of epidemiology 20101015 12

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) can provide accurate measurements of body composition. Few studies have compared the relative validity of DXA measures with anthropometric measures such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). The authors compared correlations of DXA measurements of total fat mass and fat mass percent in the whole body and trunk, BMI, and WC with obesity-related biologic factors, including blood pressure and levels of plasma lipids, C-reactive protein, and fa ...[more]

PMID: 20952596

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Project description:Background/objectivesQuantile-dependent expressivity occurs when a gene's phenotypic expression depends upon whether the trait (e.g., BMI) is high or low relative to its distribution. We have previously shown that the obesity effects of a genetic risk score (GRSBMI) increased significantly with increasing quantiles of BMI. However, BMI is an inexact adiposity measure and GRSBMI explains <3% of the BMI variance. The purpose of this paper is to test BMI for quantile-dependent expressivity using a more inclusive genetic measure (h2, heritability in the narrow sense), extend the result to other adiposity measures, and demonstrate its consistency with purported gene-environment interactions.Subjects/methodsQuantile-specific offspring-parent regression slopes (βOP) were obtained from quantile regression for height (ht) and computed tomography (CT), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), anthropometric, and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) adiposity measures. Heritability was estimated by 2βOP/(1 + rspouse) in 6227 offspring-parent pairs from the Framingham Heart Study, where rspouse is the spouse correlation.ResultsCompared to h2 at the 10th percentile, genetic heritability was significantly greater at the 90th population percentile for BMI (3.14-fold greater, P < 10-15), waist girth/ht (3.27-fold, P < 10-15), hip girth/ht (3.12-fold, P = 6.3 × 10-14), waist-to-hip ratio (1.75-fold, P = 0.01), sagittal diameter/ht (3.89-fold, P = 3.7 × 10-7), DXA total fat/ht2 (3.62-fold, P = 0.0002), DXA leg fat/ht2 (3.29-fold, P = 2.0 × 10-11), DXA arm fat/ht2 (4.02-fold, P = 0.001), CT-visceral fat/ht2 (3.03-fold, P = 0.002), and CT-subcutaneous fat/ht2 (3.54-fold, P = 0.0004). External validity was suggested by the phenomenon's consistency with numerous published reports. Quantile-dependent expressivity potentially explains precision medicine markers for weight gain from overfeeding or antipsychotic medications, and the modifying effects of physical activity, sleep, diet, polycystic ovary syndrome, socioeconomic status, and depression on gene-BMI relationships.ConclusionsGenetic heritabilities of anthropometric, CT, and DXA adiposity measures increase with increasing adiposity. Some gene-environment interactions may arise from analyzing subjects by characteristics that distinguish high vs. low adiposity rather than the effects of environmental stimuli on transcriptional and epigenetic processes.

Project description:BACKGROUND:Studying the determinants and the long-term consequences of fetal adipose accretion requires accurate assessment of neonatal body composition. In large epidemiological studies, in-depth body composition measurement methods are usually not feasible for cost and logistical reasons, and there is a need to identify anthropometric measures that adequately reflect neonatal adiposity. METHODS:In a multiethnic Asian mother-offspring cohort in Singapore, anthropometric measures (weight, length, abdominal circumference, skinfold thicknesses) were measured using standardized protocols in newborn infants, and anthropometric indices (weight/length, weight/length2 (body mass index, BMI), weight/length3 (ponderal index, PI)) derived. Neonatal total adiposity was measured using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and abdominal adiposity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Correlations of the anthropometric measures with ADP- and MRI-based adiposity were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficients (rp), including in subsamples stratified by sex and ethnicity. RESULTS:Study neonates (n=251) had a mean (s.d.) age of 10.2 (2.5) days. Correlations between ADP-based fat mass (ADPFM) and anthropometric measures were moderate (rp range: 0.44-0.67), with the strongest being with weight/length, weight, BMI and sum of skinfolds (rp=0.67, 0.66, 0.62, 0.62, respectively, all P<0.01). All anthropometric measures except skinfold thicknesses correlated more strongly with ADP-based fat-free mass than ADPFM, indicating that skinfold measures may have more discriminative power in terms of neonatal total body adiposity. For MRI-based measures, weight and weight/length consistently showed strong positive correlations (rp?0.7) with abdominal adipose tissue compartments. These correlations were consistent in boys and girls, across different ethnic groups, and when conventional determinants of neonatal adiposity were adjusted for potential confounding. Abdominal circumference was not strongly associated with ADPFM or abdominal fat mass. CONCLUSIONS:Simple anthropometric measures (weight and weight/length) correlated strongly with neonatal adiposity, with some evidence for greater discriminative power for skinfold measures. These simple measures could be of value in large epidemiological studies.

Project description:BackgroundFew reports are available on the contribution of general and abdominal obesity to the progression of carotid atherosclerosis in late adulthood. This study investigated the impact of four simple anthropometric measures of general and abdominal obesity on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis and the extent to which the association between adiposity and the progression of plaque burden is mediated by cardiometabolic markers.MethodsFour thousand three hundred forty-five adults (median age 60) from the population-based Tromsø Study were followed over 7 years from the first carotid ultrasound screening to the next. The progression of carotid atherosclerosis was measured in three ways: incidence of plaques in previously plaque-free participants; change in the number of plaques; and total plaque area (TPA). We used generalised linear models to investigate the association between each adiposity measure - body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) - and each outcome. Models were adjusted for potential confounders (age, sex, smoking, education, physical activity). The pathways through which any associations observed might operate were investigated by further adjusting for cardiometabolic mediators (systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, and HbA1c).ResultsThere was little evidence that adiposity was related to the formation of new plaques during follow-up. However, abdominal adiposity was associated with TPA progression. WHtR showed the largest effect size (mean change in TPA per one standard deviation (SD) increase in WHtR of 0.665 mm2, 95% confidence interval 0.198, 1.133) while BMI showed the smallest. Effect sizes were substantially reduced after the adjustment for potential mediators.ConclusionsAbdominal obesity indirectly measured with WC seems more strongly associated with the progression of TPA than general obesity. These associations appear to be largely mediated by known cardiometabolic markers.

Dataset Information

Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric and anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to adiposity-related biologic factors.

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Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric and anthropometric measures of adiposity in relation to adiposity-related biologic factors.

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