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DNA end resection by CtIP and exonuclease 1 prevents genomic instability.

ABSTRACT: End resection of DNA-which is essential for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination-relies first on the partnership between MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) and CtIP, followed by a processive step involving helicases and exonucleases such as exonuclease 1 (EXO1). In this study, we show that the localization of EXO1 to DSBs depends on both CtIP and MRN. We also establish that CtIP interacts with EXO1 and restrains its exonucleolytic activity in vitro. Finally, we show that on exposure to camptothecin, depletion of EXO1 in CtIP-deficient cells increases the frequency of DNA-PK-dependent radial chromosome formation. Thus, our study identifies new functions of CtIP and EXO1 in DNA end resection and provides new information on the regulation of DSB repair pathways, which is a key factor in the maintenance of genome integrity.

SUBMITTER: Eid W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC2999859 | biostudies-other | 2010 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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DNA end resection by CtIP and exonuclease 1 prevents genomic instability.

Eid Wassim W Steger Martin M El-Shemerly Mahmoud M Ferretti Lorenza P LP Peña-Diaz Javier J König Christiane C Valtorta Emanuele E Sartori Alessandro A AA Ferrari Stefano S

EMBO reports 20101105 12

End resection of DNA-which is essential for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homologous recombination-relies first on the partnership between MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) and CtIP, followed by a processive step involving helicases and exonucleases such as exonuclease 1 (EXO1). In this study, we show that the localization of EXO1 to DSBs depends on both CtIP and MRN. We also establish that CtIP interacts with EXO1 and restrains its exonucleolytic activity in vitro. Finally, we show that ...[more]

PMID: 21052091

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Human CtIP promotes DNA end resection.

Project description:In the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are processed into single-stranded DNA, triggering ATR-dependent checkpoint signalling and DSB repair by homologous recombination. Previous work has implicated the MRE11 complex in such DSB-processing events. Here, we show that the human CtIP (RBBP8) protein confers resistance to DSB-inducing agents and is recruited to DSBs exclusively in the S and G2 cell-cycle phases. Moreover, we reveal that CtIP is required for DSB resection, and thereby for recruitment of replication protein A (RPA) and the protein kinase ATR to DSBs, and for the ensuing ATR activation. Furthermore, we establish that CtIP physically and functionally interacts with the MRE11 complex, and that both CtIP and MRE11 are required for efficient homologous recombination. Finally, we reveal that CtIP has sequence homology with Sae2, which is involved in MRE11-dependent DSB processing in yeast. These findings establish evolutionarily conserved roles for CtIP-like proteins in controlling DSB resection, checkpoint signalling and homologous recombination.

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Project description:DNA double-strand breaks are repaired by end-joining or homologous recombination. A key-committing step of recombination is DNA end resection. In resection, phosphorylated CtIP first promotes the endonuclease of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN). Subsequently, CtIP also stimulates the WRN/BLM-DNA2 pathway, coordinating thus both short and long-range resection. The structure of CtIP differs from its orthologues in yeast, as it contains a large internal unstructured region. Here, we conducted a domain analysis of CtIP to define the function of the internal region in DNA end resection. We found that residues 350-600 were entirely dispensable for resection in vitro. A mutant lacking these residues was unexpectedly more efficient than full-length CtIP in DNA end resection and homologous recombination in vivo, and consequently conferred resistance to lesions induced by the topoisomerase poison camptothecin, which require high MRN-CtIP-dependent resection activity for repair. This suggested that the internal CtIP region, further mapped to residues 550-600, may mediate a negative regulatory function to prevent over resection in vivo. The CtIP internal deletion mutant exhibited sensitivity to other DNA-damaging drugs, showing that upregulated resection may be instead toxic under different conditions. These experiments together identify a region within the central CtIP domain that negatively regulates DNA end resection.

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ALC1/eIF4A1-mediated regulation of CtIP mRNA stability controls DNA end resection.

Project description:During repair of DNA double-strand breaks, resection of DNA ends influences how these lesions will be repaired. If resection is activated, the break will be channeled through homologous recombination; if not, it will be simply ligated using the non-homologous end-joining machinery. Regulation of resection relies greatly on modulating CtIP, which can be done by modifying: i) its interaction partners, ii) its post-translational modifications, or iii) its cellular levels, by regulating transcription, splicing and/or protein stability/degradation. Here, we have analyzed the role of ALC1, a chromatin remodeler previously described as an integral part of the DNA damage response, in resection. Strikingly, we found that ALC1 affects resection independently of chromatin remodeling activity or its ability to bind damaged chromatin. In fact, it cooperates with the RNA-helicase eIF4A1 to help stabilize the most abundant splicing form of CtIP mRNA. This function relies on the presence of a specific RNA sequence in the 5' UTR of CtIP. Therefore, we describe an additional layer of regulation of CtIP-at the level of mRNA stability through ALC1 and eIF4A1.

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Project description:Human C-terminal binding protein (CtBP)-interacting protein (CtIP) is a central regulator to initiate DNA end resection and homologous recombination (HR). Several studies have shown that post-translational modifications control the activity or expression of CtIP. However, it remains unclear whether and how cells restrain CtIP activity in unstressed cells and activate CtIP when needed. Here, we identify that USP52 directly interacts with and deubiquitinates CtIP, thereby promoting DNA end resection and HR. Mechanistically, USP52 removes the ubiquitination of CtIP to facilitate the phosphorylation and activation of CtIP at Thr-847. In addition, USP52 is phosphorylated by ATM at Ser-1003 after DNA damage, which enhances the catalytic activity of USP52. Furthermore, depletion of USP52 sensitizes cells to PARP inhibition in a CtIP-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings reveal the key role of USP52 and the regulatory complexity of CtIP deubiquitination in DNA repair.

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FANCJ helicase promotes DNA end resection by facilitating CtIP recruitment to DNA double-strand breaks.

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