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?1AMP-activated protein kinase preserves endothelial function during chronic angiotensin II treatment by limiting Nox2 upregulation.

ABSTRACT: Besides its well-described metabolic effects, vascular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can activate endothelial NO synthase, promotes angiogenesis, and limits endothelial cell apoptosis. The current study was designed to study the effects of ?1AMPK deletion during vascular disease in vivo.Chronic angiotensin II infusion at low subpressor doses caused a mild endothelial dysfunction that was significantly aggravated in ?1AMPK-knockout mice. Unexpectedly, this endothelial dysfunction was not associated with decreased NO content, because NO levels measured by serum nitrite or electron paramagnetic resonance were even increased. However, because of parallel superoxide production, NO was consumed under production of peroxynitrite in angiotensin II-treated ?1AMPK-knockout mice, associated with NADPH oxidase activation and Nox2 upregulation. As Nox2 is also a component of phagocyte NADPH oxidases, we found a vascular upregulation of several proinflammatory markers, including inducible NO synthase, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and cyclooxygenase-2. Cotreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin was able to prevent vascular inflammation and also partially restored endothelial function in ?1AMPK-knockout mice.Our data indicate that in vivo ?1AMPK deletion leads to Nox2 upregulation, resulting in endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation. This implicates basal AMPK activity as a protective, redox-regulating element in vascular homeostasis.

SUBMITTER: Schuhmacher S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3066307 | biostudies-other | 2011 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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α1AMP-activated protein kinase preserves endothelial function during chronic angiotensin II treatment by limiting Nox2 upregulation.

Schuhmacher Swenja S Foretz Marc M Knorr Maike M Jansen Thomas T Hortmann Marcus M Wenzel Philip P Oelze Matthias M Kleschyov Andrei L AL Daiber Andreas A Keaney John F JF Wegener Gerhard G Lackner Karl K Münzel Thomas T Viollet Benoit B Schulz Eberhard E

Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 20110104 3

<h4>Objective</h4>Besides its well-described metabolic effects, vascular AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can activate endothelial NO synthase, promotes angiogenesis, and limits endothelial cell apoptosis. The current study was designed to study the effects of α1AMPK deletion during vascular disease in vivo.<h4>Methods and results</h4>Chronic angiotensin II infusion at low subpressor doses caused a mild endothelial dysfunction that was significantly aggravated in α1AMPK-knockout mice. Unexpec ...[more]

PMID: 21205985

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Project description:AimsAngiotensin II (AngII)-induced superoxide (O2(•-)) production by the NADPH oxidases and mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. In this work, we investigated the specific molecular mechanisms responsible for the stimulation of mitochondrial O2(•-) and its downstream targets using cultured human aortic endothelial cells and a mouse model of AngII-induced hypertension.ResultsWestern blot analysis showed that Nox2 and Nox4 were present in the cytoplasm but not in the mitochondria. Depletion of Nox2, but not Nox1, Nox4, or Nox5, using siRNA inhibits AngII-induced O2(•-) production in both mitochondria and cytoplasm. Nox2 depletion in gp91phox knockout mice inhibited AngII-induced cellular and mitochondrial O2(•-) and attenuated hypertension. Inhibition of mitochondrial reverse electron transfer with malonate, malate, or rotenone attenuated AngII-induced cytoplasmic and mitochondrial O2(•-) production. Inhibition of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoK(+)ATP) with 5-hydroxydecanoic acid or specific PKC? peptide antagonist (EAVSLKPT) reduced AngII-induced H2O2 in isolated mitochondria and diminished cytoplasmic O2(•-). The mitoK(+)ATP agonist diazoxide increased mitochondrial O2(•-), cytoplasmic c-Src phosphorylation and cytoplasmic O2(•-) suggesting feed-forward regulation of cellular O2(•-) by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment of AngII-infused mice with malate reduced blood pressure and enhanced the antihypertensive effect of mitoTEMPO. Mitochondria-targeted H2O2 scavenger mitoEbselen attenuated redox-dependent c-Src and inhibited AngII-induced cellular O2(•-), diminished aortic H2O2, and reduced blood pressure in hypertensive mice.Innovation and conclusionsThese studies show that Nox2 stimulates mitochondrial ROS by activating reverse electron transfer and both mitochondrial O2(•-) and reverse electron transfer may represent new pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension.

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?1AMP-activated protein kinase preserves endothelial function during chronic angiotensin II treatment by limiting Nox2 upregulation.

Publications

α1AMP-activated protein kinase preserves endothelial function during chronic angiotensin II treatment by limiting Nox2 upregulation.

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