Prevalence and incidence of HIV in a rural community-based HIV vaccine preparedness cohort in Masaka, Uganda.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ruzagira E
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3108994 | biostudies-other | 2011
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:OBJECTIVES:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for stroke, which is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is limited population-based epidemiological data on AF in sub-Saharan Africa. We sought to estimate the prevalence and correlates of AF in rural Uganda. METHODS:We conducted a cross-sectional study using community health fairs in 2015 targeting eight villages in rural Uganda. Study participants completed a medical history, a clinical exam, blood collection, and 12?lead electrocardiographic (ECG) screening. Of 1814 participants enrolled in a parent cohort study that includes 98% of adults residing in the geographic area, 856 attended a health fair and were included in this study. Our primary outcome was AF or atrial flutter. We modelled population prevalence of the outcome with inverse probability of treatment weighting using data collected from the full population. RESULTS:856 (47.2%) adults in the area attended a health fair and were included in the analysis. Health fair attendees were older (42 vs 34?years, P?<?0.0001), in worse self-reported health (P?<?0.0001) and more likely to be female (62% vs 49%, P?<?0. 0001) compared with non-attendees. After applying weights, the estimated population mean age was 37.7?±?14.9?years. 15% of the population was overweight or obese and 1.9% had left atrial enlargement on ECG. Despite this, the weighted estimate of AF was 0% (95%CI 0-0.54%). CONCLUSIONS:AF appears less prevalent in rural Uganda than in developed countries. The explanations for this finding may be genetic, environmental or related to survivorship bias.
| S-EPMC6143408 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between household wealth and HIV incidence in rural Uganda over time from 1994 to 2018. In research conducted early in the epidemic, greater wealth (i.e. higher socioeconomic status, SES) was associated with higher HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); this relationship reversed in some settings in later years.DesignAnalysis of associations over time in a population-based open cohort of persons 15-49 years from 17 survey-rounds in 28 continuously followed communities of the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS).MethodsThe RCCS sample averaged 8622 individuals and 5387 households per round. Principal components analysis was used to create a nine-item asset-based measure of household wealth. Poisson regression with generalized estimating equation (GEE) and exchangeable correlation structure was used to estimate HIV incidence rate ratios (IRRs) by SES quartile, survey-round, sex, and age group.ResultsFrom 1994 to 2018, SES rose considerably, and HIV incidence declined from 1.45 to 0.40 per 100 person-years (IRR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.32--0.47, P < 0.001). HIV incidence was similar by SES category in the initial survey intervals (1994-1997); however, higher SES groups showed greater declines in HIV incidence over time. Multivariable analyses showed significant associations between HIV incidence and SES (IRR = 0.55 for highest compared with lowest quartile, 95% CI = 0.45--0.66, P < 0.001) controlling for time, sex, and age group.ConclusionBeyond the early years of the RCCS, higher SES was associated with lower HIV incidence and SES gradients widened over time. The poor, like other key populations, should be targeted for HIV prevention, including treatment as prevention.
| S-EPMC8373447 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionThe effect of long-term exposure to antiretroviral therapy (ART) on hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa remains unclear. We aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of hypertension in people living with HIV (PLWH) with more than 10 years of ART in Uganda.MethodsThe analysis was performed within a cohort of adult PLWH with more than 10 years of ART at an HIV clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Participants were eligible for this analysis if they had ≥2 follow-up visits. Hypertension was defined as two consecutive systolic blood pressure (SBP) measures greater than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than 90 mmHg, and/or documented diagnosis and/or the initiation of antihypertensives. We determined the proportion of PLWH with hypertension at baseline and used multivariable logistic regression to determine the factors associated with prevalent hypertension. To determine the incidence of hypertension, follow-up began from the cohort baseline date and was censored at the last clinic visit or date of the event, whichever occurred earlier. Multivariable Poisson regression was used to determine the adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) of hypertension according to demographic, ART, and clinical characteristics.ResultsOf the 1000 ALT participants, 970 (97%) had ≥2 follow-up visits, and 237 (24.4%) had hypertension at baseline. The odds of prevalent hypertension were 1.18 for every 5-year increase in age (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.18, 95% CI 1.10-1.34) and were higher among males (aOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.34), participants with diabetes mellitus (aOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.10-4.01), obesity (aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.08-3.60), high cholesterol (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.16-2.01), and those with prior exposure to stavudine (aOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.35-3.52), or nevirapine (aOR 1.90, 95% CI 1.25-3.01). Of the 733 participants without hypertension at baseline, 116 (15.83%) developed hypertension during 4671.3 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate 24.8 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI 20.7-29.8). The factors associated with incident hypertension were obesity (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 1.80, 95% CI 1.40-2.81), older age (aIRR 1.12 per 5-year increase in age, 95% CI 1.10,1.25), and renal insufficiency (aIRR1.80, 95% CI 1.40-2.81).ConclusionThe prevalence and incidence of hypertension were high in this heavily treated PLWH cohort. Therefore, with increasing ART coverage, HIV programs in SSA should strengthen the screening for hypertension in heavily treated PLWH.
| S-EPMC9937480 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Programme implementers have argued that the increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) will reduce the stigma of HIV. We analyzed data from Uganda to assess how HIV-related stigma has changed during a period of ART expansion.Serial cross-sectional surveys.We analyzed data from the Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes study during 2007-2012 to estimate trends in internalized stigma among people living with HIV (PLHIV) at the time of treatment initiation. We analyzed data from the Uganda Demographic and Health Surveys from 2006 to 2011 to estimate trends in stigmatizing attitudes and anticipated stigma in the general population. We fitted regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, with year of data collection as the primary explanatory variable.We estimated an upward trend in internalized stigma among PLHIV presenting for treatment initiation [adjusted b?=?0.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.06-0.30]. In the general population, the odds of reporting anticipated stigma were greater in 2011 compared with 2006 [adjusted odds ratio (OR)?=?1.80; 95% CI, 1.51-2.13], despite an apparent decline in stigmatizing attitudes (adjusted OR?=?0.62; 95% CI, 0.52-0.74).Internalized stigma has increased over time among PLHIV in the setting of worsening anticipated stigma in the general population. Further study is needed to better understand the reasons for increasing HIV-related stigma in Uganda and its impact on HIV prevention efforts.
| S-EPMC4286463 | biostudies-literature
Project description:INTRODUCTION:Understanding HIV incidence and risk behaviour among populations being considered for HIV vaccine studies is necessary for the appropriate design of trials. METHODS:Between May 2012 and June 2015, we recruited men aged 18-49 years from urban and peri-urban areas of Rustenburg, a mining town in the North West Province, South Africa. Men who reported HIV-risk behaviour were followed for nine to 12 months to determine HIV incidence and factors associated with condom use. RESULTS:A total of 400 HIV uninfected men were enrolled; 366 (91.5%) had at least one follow-up visit and were included in the analysis; 47.6% were under 25 years of age. HIV incidence was 1.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.79-4.56). Among heterosexual men (N = 339), 80.8% reported having vaginal intercourse with multiple partners in the past three months, among whom 74.1% reported inconsistent condom use. Sixty-eight percent reported vaginal intercourse with new female partners, of whom 40.6% reported inconsistent condom use. Over half (55.6%) of men who had sex with men (N = 27) reported anal intercourse with multiple male partners in the past three months, of whom 68.2% reported using condoms inconsistently. Men who had more than two female partners in the last three months (n = 121) were more likely to use condoms inconsistently (aOR 4.31, 95% CI: 1.34-13.8); in contrast, those with more than one new female sex partner (aOR 0.13, 94% CI 0.04-0.44), and whose sexual debut was after 19 years of age (aOR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.15-1.01) were less likely to use condoms inconsistently. CONCLUSION:HIV incidence was low and similar to other studies of heterosexual men in South Africa. To identify men at high risk for HIV for enrolment in prevention trials, future researchers may need to focus on those who report early sexual debut and who report having multiple sexual partners. Men in newer relationships appear to use condoms more frequently.
| S-EPMC6447216 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundDaily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use is highly effective against HIV infection. However, the uptake of PrEP among individuals at high-risk of HIV acquisition in sub-Saharan Africa varies because of availability and acceptability. We assessed the acceptability of PrEP among participants in a prospective HIV vaccine preparedness study in Masaka, southwestern Uganda.MethodsFrom November 2018 to August 2019, 20 participants (10 female) were purposively selected for in-depth interviews (IDIs) at 3 and 9 months' post-enrolment in the vaccine preparedness study. Four focus group discussions (FGD) (two among men) were conducted with 29 individuals categorized as: younger (18-24 years) men, younger (18-24 years) women, older (≥30 years) men, and older (≥30 years) women. Apart from IDI specific questions on recent life history including work experience, relationship history and places lived, topics for IDIs and FGDs included knowledge of HIV, perceptions of HIV risk (including own risk), knowledge of and use of PrEP. The Theoretical Framework of Acceptability was used to structure a thematic framework approach for data analysis.ResultsParticipants understood that PrEP was an oral pill taken daily by HIV negative individuals to prevent acquisition of HIV. Overall, interest in and acceptability of PrEP was high, more than half expressed positivity towards PrEP but were not ready to initiate taking it citing the burden of daily oral pill taking, related side effects, stigma and distrust of PrEP. Fourteen participants (from IDI and FGD) initiated PrEP, although some (one FGD and two IDI participants) stopped taking it due to side effects or perceived reduced risk.ConclusionWe observed a keen interest in PrEP initiation among our study participants. However, a limited understanding of PrEP and associated concerns impeded uptake and sustained use. Hence, interventions are needed to address end-user challenges to increase uptake and support adherence.
| S-EPMC9337655 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionAntiretroviral-based HIV prevention, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), is expanding in generalized epidemic settings, but additional prevention options are needed for individuals with periodic, high-risk sexual exposures. Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is recommended in global guidelines. However, in Africa, awareness of and access to PEP for sexual exposures are limited. We assessed feasibility, acceptability, uptake and adherence in a pilot study of a patient-centred PEP programme with options for facility- or community-based service delivery.MethodsAfter population-level HIV testing with universal access to PrEP for persons at elevated HIV risk (SEARCH Trial:NCT01864603), we conducted a pilot PEP study in five rural communities in Kenya and Uganda between December 2018 and May 2019. We assessed barriers to PEP in the population and implemented an intervention to address these barriers, building on existing in-country PEP protocols. We used community leaders for sensitization. Test kits and medications were acquired through the Ministry of Health supply chain and healthcare providers based at the Ministry of Health clinics were trained on PEP delivery. Additional intervention components were (a)PEP availability seven days/week, (b)PEP hotline staffed by providers and (c)option for out-of-facility medication delivery. We assessed implementation using the Proctor framework and measured seroconversions via repeat HIV testing. Successful "PEP completion" was defined as self-reported adherence over four weeks of therapy with post-PEP HIV testing.ResultsCommunity leaders were able to sensitize and mobilize for PEP. The Ministry of Health supplied test kits and PEP medications; after training, healthcare providers delivered the 28-day regimen with high completion rates. Among 124 persons who sought PEP, 66% were female, 24% were ≤25 years and 42% were fisherfolk. Of these, 20% reported exposure with a serodifferent partner, 72% with a new or existing relationship and 7% from transactional sex. 12% of all visits were conducted at out-of-facility community-based sites; 35% of participants had ≥1 out-of-facility visit. No serious adverse events were reported. Overall, 85% met the definition of PEP completion. There were no HIV seroconversions.ConclusionsAmong individuals with elevated-risk exposures in rural East African communities, patient-centred PEP was feasible, acceptable and provides a promising addition to the current prevention toolkit.
| S-EPMC8215805 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundOral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective for HIV prevention, but data are limited on HIV incidence among PrEP users in generalized epidemic settings, particularly outside of selected risk groups. We performed a population-based PrEP study in rural Kenya and Uganda and sought to evaluate both changes in HIV incidence and clinical and virologic outcomes following seroconversion on PrEP.Methods and findingsDuring population-level HIV testing of individuals ≥15 years in 16 communities in the Sustainable East Africa Research in Community Health (SEARCH) study (NCT01864603), we offered universal access to PrEP with enhanced counseling for persons at elevated HIV risk (based on serodifferent partnership, machine learning-based risk score, or self-identified HIV risk). We offered rapid or same-day PrEP initiation and flexible service delivery with follow-up visits at facilities or community-based sites at 4, 12, and every 12 weeks up to week 144. Among participants with incident HIV infection after PrEP initiation, we offered same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and analyzed HIV RNA, tenofovir hair concentrations, drug resistance, and viral suppression (<1,000 c/ml based on available assays) after ART start. Using Poisson regression with cluster-robust standard errors, we compared HIV incidence among PrEP initiators to incidence among propensity score-matched recent historical controls (from the year before PrEP availability) in 8 of the 16 communities, adjusted for risk group. Among 74,541 individuals who tested negative for HIV, 15,632/74,541 (21%) were assessed to be at elevated HIV risk; 5,447/15,632 (35%) initiated PrEP (49% female; 29% 15-24 years; 19% in serodifferent partnerships), of whom 79% engaged in ≥1 follow-up visit and 61% self-reported PrEP adherence at ≥1 visit. Over 7,150 person-years of follow-up, HIV incidence was 0.35 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.49) among PrEP initiators. Among matched controls, HIV incidence was 0.92 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.49-1.41), corresponding to 74% lower incidence among PrEP initiators compared to matched controls (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.75; p = 0.013). Among women, HIV incidence was 76% lower among PrEP initiators versus matched controls (aIRR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.79; p = 0.019); among men, HIV incidence was 40% lower, but not significantly so (aIRR 0.60, 95% CI 0.12-3.05; p = 0.54). Of 25 participants with incident HIV infection (68% women), 7/25 (28%) reported taking PrEP ≤30 days before HIV diagnosis, and 24/25 (96%) started ART. Of those with repeat HIV RNA after ART start, 18/19 (95%) had <1,000 c/ml. One participant with viral non-suppression was found to have transmitted viral resistance, as well as emtricitabine resistance possibly related to PrEP use. Limitations include the lack of contemporaneous controls to assess HIV incidence without PrEP and that plasma samples were not archived to assess for baseline acute infection.ConclusionsPopulation-level offer of PrEP with rapid start and flexible service delivery was associated with 74% lower HIV incidence among PrEP initiators compared to matched recent controls prior to PrEP availability. HIV infections were significantly lower among women who started PrEP. Universal HIV testing with linkage to treatment and prevention, including PrEP, is a promising approach to accelerate reductions in new infections in generalized epidemic settings.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01864603.
| S-EPMC7872279 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Knowledge of incidence rates of HIV and other infectious diseases is important in evaluating the state of an epidemic as well as for designing interventional studies. Estimation of disease incidence from longitudinal studies can be expensive and time consuming. Alternatively, Janssen et al. (1998, Journal of the American Medical Association 280, 42-48) proposed the estimation of HIV incidence at a single point in time based on the combined use of a standard and "detuned" antibody assay. This article frames the problem from a longitudinal perspective, from which the maximum likelihood estimator of incidence is determined and compared with the Janssen estimator. The formulation also allows estimation for general situations, including different batteries of tests among subjects, inclusion of covariates, and a comparative evaluation of different test batteries to help guide study design. The methods are illustrated with data from an HIV interventional trial and a seroprevalence survey recently conducted in Botswana.
| S-EPMC3449098 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Liver disease is a leading cause of mortality among HIV-infected persons in the United States and Europe. However, data regarding the effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy (ART) on liver disease in Africa are sparse. METHODS:A total of 500 HIV-infected participants in an HIV care programme in rural Rakai, Uganda were frequency-matched by age, gender and site to 500 HIV-uninfected participants in a population cohort. All participants underwent transient elastography (FibroScan(®)) to quantify liver stiffness measurements (LSM) and identify participants with significant liver fibrosis, defined as LSM?9.3 kPa (? Metavir F?2). Risk factors for liver fibrosis were identified by estimating adjusted prevalence risk ratios (adjPRR) and 95% CI using modified Poisson multivariate regression. RESULTS:The prevalence of hepatitis B coinfection in the study population was 5%. The prevalence of significant fibrosis was 17% among HIV-infected and 11% in HIV-uninfected participants (P=0.008). HIV infection was associated with a 50% increase in liver fibrosis (adjPRR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1; P=0.010). Fibrosis was also associated with male gender (adjPRR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.9; P=0.045), herbal medicine use (adjPRR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.3; P=0.005), heavy alcohol consumption (adjPRR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-3.9; P=0.005), occupational fishing (adjPRR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2-5.3; P=0.019) and chronic HBV infection (adjPRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.1; P=0.058). Among HIV-infected participants, ART reduced fibrosis risk (adjPRR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-1.0; P=0.030). CONCLUSIONS:The burden of liver fibrosis among HIV-infected rural Ugandans is high. These data suggest that liver disease may represent a significant cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality in Africa.
| S-EPMC3142695 | biostudies-literature