Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma complicated by biliary stricture.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Minocha J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3193325 | biostudies-other | 2011 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Yttrium-90 (Y90) radioembolization is an emerging strategy to treat liver malignancies, and clinical data supporting its use have accumulated in recent years. Y90-radioembolization has shown clinical effectiveness in intermediate and advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, with a favorable safety profile. Retrospective data show similar levels of effectiveness to transarterial chemoembolization in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma, with some evidence of better tolerance. While phase 3 studies comparing Y90-radioembolization to chemoembolization in intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma would be difficult to conduct, studies comparing or combining Y90-radioembolization with sorafenib are under way. Questions also remain about the most suitable modalities for defining the dose to administer. Phase 3 studies are under way to clarify the place of Y90-radioembolization in the algorithm of HCC treatment.
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Project description:Hepatic abscess is a rare complication of yttrium-90 radioembolization of hepatic tumors that most commonly occurs in patients with a history of biliary intervention. Patients usually present several weeks after therapy with pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Cross-sectional imaging is necessary in cases of suspected abscess to ensure prompt diagnosis and to help plan treatment, which involves antibiotics and percutaneous drainage.
| S-EPMC3193336 | biostudies-other
Project description:PURPOSE:To identify baseline characteristics and long-term prognostic factors in non-transplant patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had prolonged survival after treatment with yttrium-90 radioembolization (Y90). MATERIALS AND METHODS:Sixty-seven "Super Survivors" (defined as???3-year survival after Y90) were identified within our 1000-patient Y90 database (2003-2017). Baseline imaging and follow-up occurred at 1 month and every 3 months thereafter. Overall survival (OS) was calculated with Kaplan-Meier estimates with log-rank test in subgroups: Child-Pugh (CP) score, distribution of disease, portal vein thrombus (PVT), and technique (segmental vs lobar Y90). RESULTS:Median age 69.5 years (range 45-94 years); 69% male; 60% solitary HCC; 79% unilobar disease; 12% PVT; 10% ascites; Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Stage A-54%/B-28%/C-16%/D-2%; CP A-70%/B-28%/C-2%. Longest baseline tumor diameter was 5.4?±?4.0 cm (mean?±?SD). All patients had an imaging response (either partial or complete response). Median OS was 67.5 months (95% CI 55.2-82.5). CP score and main PVT stratified median OS (p?=?0.0007 and p?=?0.0187, respectively). Beyond 3 years, segmental versus lobar Y90 was associated with improved OS with a median OS of 80.2 versus 46.7 months, respectively (p?=?0.0024). Dosing?>?200 Gy was not a significant predictor of improved OS. CONCLUSIONS:Super Survivors spanning the BCLC staging system maintained durable OS after radioembolization that was stratified by the extent of underlying liver disease. The common variable among all patients was an imaging response. Segmental versus lobar Y90 may have a long-term associated OS benefit.
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Project description:Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN) is a rare presentation of severe esophageal injury. The optimal long-term management of complications related to AEN, particularly stricture formation, are not well defined. We report a case of AEN in a patient who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and had dysphagia due to refractory stricture formation after mucosal healing occurred. A 62-year-old male with diabetes mellitus presented with altered mental status. He was admitted for hypovolemic shock secondary to DKA and treated with vasopressors, fluid resuscitation, and insulin. After resolution of DKA, he reported persistent dysphagia. Upper endoscopy showed circumferential black mucosal discoloration throughout the entire esophagus that spared the gastroesophageal junction. He was diagnosed with AEN and was continued on a proton pump inhibitor and sucralfate with improvement in symptoms. Repeat endoscopy 4 weeks later showed a 10-cm benign-appearing stricture in the mid esophagus. He underwent dilation with temporary symptomatic relief; however, recurrence in symptoms has thus far necessitated a total of 10 repeat upper endoscopies, including repeat dilations along with local steroid injection therapy. AEN is a rare presentation of severe esophageal injury and is typically associated with severe hemodynamic compromise. Although most cases resolve with supportive care and mucosal healing, there is little information regarding prognosis and optimal management of complications, such as refractory esophageal strictures. We describe a case of AEN complicated by refractory symptomatic esophageal stricture despite several dilations and intralesional steroid injections and discuss our approach to treatment.
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Project description:Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FL-HCC) is a rare primary liver tumor that typically presents at an advanced stage in early adolescents and adults with no underlying liver disease. Surgical resection is the first-line treatment, and patients who are not surgical candidates face limited treatment options with poor long-term outcomes. Herein we report the first documented, technically successful treatment of FL-HCC with extrahepatic spread using transarterial radioembolization (TARE) in a 16-year-old male patient with surgically unresectable disease. Subsequent imaging revealed tumor necrosis and a 20% reduction in size, and the patient survived 20 months post-treatment, a marked improvement relative to historical data in the literature. Further research should examine the potential role of yttrium-90 TARE in the treatment of FL-HCC patients with metastatic disease.
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Project description:Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) is a form of brachytherapy in which intra-arterially injected yttrium-90-loaded microspheres serve as a source for internal radiation purposes. On the average, it produces disease control rates exceeding 80% and it is a consolidated therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, current data are all based on retrospective series or non-controlled prospective studies since randomized controlled trials comparing it with the other liver-directed therapies for intermediate and locally advanced stage HCC are still underway. The data available show that TARE provides similar or even better survival rates when compared to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). First-line TARE is best indicated for both intermediate-stage patients (staged according to the barcelona clinic liver cancer staging classification) who have lesions which respond poorly to TACE due to multiple tumors or a large tumor burden, and for locally advanced-stage patients with solitary tumors, and segmental or lobar portal vein tumor thrombosis. In addition, emerging data have suggested the use of TARE in patients who are classified slightly beyond the Milan criteria regarding radical treatment for downstaging purposes. As a second-line treatment, TARE can also be applied in patients progressing to TACE or sorafenib; a large number of phase II/III trials are ongoing with the purpose of evaluating the best association with systemic therapies. Transarterial radioembolization is very well tolerated and has a low rate of complications which are mainly related to unintended non-target tissue irradiation, including the surrounding liver parenchyma. The complications can be additionally reduced by accurate patient selection and a strict pre-treatment evaluation including dosimetry and assessment of the vascular anatomy. Since a correct treatment algorithm for potential TARE candidates is not clear and standardized, this comprehensive review analyzes the best selection criteria for patients who really benefit from TARE and also the new advances of this therapy, which can be a very important weapon against HCC.
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Project description:Biliary complications following yttrium-90 ((90)Y) radioembolization are rare, and radiation-induced cholecystitis requiring intervention represents an even smaller proportion of these complications, reportedly occurring in fewer than 1% of patients treated with (90)Y [1]. However, its implications are serious, as the treatment of radiation cholecystitis may require cholecystectomy in patients otherwise considered poor surgical candidates. While biliary complications such as intrahepatic biliary strictures or bilomas may be unavoidable in the course of treating hepatic malignancies due to local field effects of radiation, radiation cholecystitis results from non-target embolization of radioactive microspheres. Meticulous attention to anatomic detail and catheter position may be adequate in preventing this avoidable complication. Herein we discuss the clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings, as well as the outcome, of a patient who experienced radiation cholecystitis following (90)Y radioembolization.
| S-EPMC3193337 | biostudies-other
Project description:Gastric ulceration is a relatively uncommon but well-described complication of yttrium 90 (Y90) radioembolization therapy in the locoregional treatment of hepatic tumors. Meticulous attention to vascular anatomy, an assessment of antegrade hepatic arterial flow, and knowledge of the dynamic embolic effect of the chosen Y90 particulate at treatment are requirements to reduce the risk of nontarget embolization to gastrointestinal structures. Radiation-associated gastrointestinal ulceration is difficult to treat, and may be associated with gastrointestinal bleeding, bowel obstruction, and perforation. Surgical excision of the involved segment with bypass may be necessary. The increased use of coil embolization of at-risk vessels combined with administration of Y90 particulates with minimal embolic effect has reduced the incidence of radioembolization associated gastrointestinal ulceration.
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Project description:Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of worldwide mortality. Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with yttrium-90 (Y90), a transcatheter intra-arterial procedure performed by interventional radiology, has become widely utilized in managing HCC.The following is a focused review of TARE covering its commercially available products, clinical considerations of treatment, salient clinical trial data establishing its utility, and the current and future roles of TARE in the management of HCC.TARE is indicated for patients with unresectable, intermediate stage HCC. The two available products are glass and resin microspheres. All patients undergoing TARE must be assessed with a history, physical examination, clinical laboratory tests, imaging, and arteriography with macroaggregated albumin. TARE is safe and effective in the treatment of unresectable HCC, as it has a safer toxicity profile than chemoembolization, longer time-to-progression, greater ability to downsize and/or bridge patients to liver transplant, and utility in tumor complicated by portal vein thrombosis. TARE can also serve as an alternative to ablation and chemotherapy.TARE assumes an integral role in the management of unresectable HCC and has been validated by numerous studies.
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Project description:The large animal model with benign biliary stricture (BBS) is essential to undergo experiment on developing new devices and endoscopic treatment. This study conducted to establish a clinically relevant porcine BBS model by means of endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) was performed on 12 swine. The animals were allocated to three groups (60, 80, and 100 W) according to the electrical power level of RFA electrode. Endobiliary RFA was applied to the common bile duct for 60 seconds using an RFA catheter that was endoscopically inserted. ERC was repeated two and four weeks, respectively, after the RFA to identify BBS. After the strictures were identified, histologic evaluations were performed. On the follow-up ERC two weeks after the procedure, a segmental bile duct stricture was observed in all animals. On microscopic examination, severe periductal fibrosis and luminal obliteration with transmural inflammation were demonstrated. Bile duct perforations occurred in two pigs (100 W, n = 1; 80 W, n = 1) but there were no major complications in the 60 W group. The application of endobiliary RFA with 60 W electrical power resulted in a safe and reproducible swine model of BBS.
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