Aesthetic surgery of the female genitalia.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Dobbeleir JM
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3312147 | biostudies-other | 2011 May
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
Similar Datasets
Project description:Appearance of the male genitalia is linked with self-esteem and sexual identity. Aesthetic surgery of the male genitalia serves to correct perceived deficiencies as well as physical deformities, which may cause psychological distress. Attention to patient motivation for surgery and to surgical technique is key to achieving optimal results. In this review, the authors describe aesthetic surgical techniques for treatment of penile and scrotal deficiencies. They also discuss techniques for revision in patients with previous surgery.
| S-EPMC3312189 | biostudies-other
Project description:Male to female transsexuals frequently seek feminizing vaginoplasty for "below the waist" conformation, enhancement of sexual identity, and interactive sexual function. The author shares his experience with his first 250 primary surgical procedures. Included is a brief historical background, the patient selection process, some guidelines from the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (standards of care), preoperative evaluation and instructions, surgical technique, postoperative regimen, risk factors, results, complications and management. The patients all underwent feminizing vaginoplasty at the author's ambulatory surgical facility, which includes an overnight stay. The author's results suggest that feminizing vaginoplasty when performed vigilantly on a select group of patients is feasible.
| S-EPMC3312144 | biostudies-other
Project description:Male genitalia exhibit patterns of divergent evolution driven by sexual selection. In contrast, for many taxonomic groups, female genitalia are relatively uniform and their patterns of evolution remain largely unexplored. Here we quantify variation in the shape of female genitalia across onthophagine dung beetles, and use new comparative methods to contrast their rates of divergence with those of male genitalia. As expected, male genital shape has diverged more rapidly than a naturally selected trait, the foretibia. Remarkably, female genital shape has diverged nearly three times as fast as male genital shape. Our results dispel the notion that female genitalia do not show the same patterns of divergent evolution as male genitalia, and suggest that female genitalia are under sexual selection through their role in female choice.
| S-EPMC6428859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introduction: With this online survey, data on surgical interventions on the external female genitalia in Switzerland, differentiated according to functional, aesthetic and psychological reasons, were collected for the first time. Materials and Methods: In September 2013 an invitation to respond to the quantitative and qualitative questions of a comprehensive, anonymous online survey was sent by e-mail to a total of 1740 members of the Swiss Society of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe) and the Swiss Society of Plastic Surgery (Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Plastische Chirurgie). Follow-up enquiries were made in June 2014. Results: By far the most frequently requested intervention was, as expected, reduction of the labia minora. The numbers of this operation had increased significantly between 1992 and 2012 (p = 0.003). Reduction of the labia minora for functional reasons decreased continuously in this period (from 50 to 40 %) while interventions for aesthetic reasons increased continuously (from 20 to 40 %). The proportion of interventions for psychological reasons remained surprisingly low during the entire investigated period of time (highest value in 2012 of 3.5 %). Evaluation of the quantitative results on the most frequently stated aesthetic, functional and psychological reasons, however, revealed a high overlap especially in the field of aesthetic and psychological reasons. This overlap points to considerable uncertainties in the medical indications for treatment. Conclusion: The most interesting results of this study concerns the empirical evidence that it is often difficult in clinical routine to come to a clear aesthetic, functional or psychological indication and thus there is a need for an instrument to facilitate and improve the indication-making process.
| S-EPMC4846410 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Male harassment is a classic example of how sexual conflict over mating leads to sex-specific behavioural adaptations. Females often suffer significant costs from males attempting forced copulations, and the sexes can be in an arms race over male coercion. Yet, despite recent recognition that divergent sex-specific interests in reproduction can affect brain evolution, sexual conflict has not been addressed in this context. Here, we investigate whether artificial selection on a correlate of male success at coercion, genital length, affects brain anatomy in males and females. We analysed the brains of eastern mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki), which had been artificially selected for long or short gonopodium, thereby mimicking selection arising from differing levels of male harassment. By analogy to how prey species often have relatively larger brains than their predators, we found that female, but not male, brain size was greater following selection for a longer gonopodium. Brain subregion volumes remained unchanged. These results suggest that there is a positive genetic correlation between male gonopodium length and female brain size, which is possibly linked to increased female cognitive ability to avoid male coercion. We propose that sexual conflict is an important factor in the evolution of brain anatomy and cognitive ability.
| S-EPMC5136585 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Monandrous species are rare in nature, especially in animals where males transfer nutrients to females in the ejaculate. The proximate mechanisms responsible for monandry are poorly studied. In butterflies and moths, the male transfers a nutritious spermatophore into the corpus bursae (CB) of the female. The CB is a multifunctional organ that digests the spermatophore and has partial control of the post-mating sexual receptivity of the female. The spermatophore distends the CB and the post-mating sexual receptivity of the female is inversely proportional to the degree of distension. The CB of many butterfly species has a muscular sheath whose contractions mechanically contribute to digest the spermatophore. As the contents of the CB are absorbed, the degree of distension decreases and the female recovers receptivity. We studied the monandrous butterfly Leptophobia aripa (Boisduval, 1836) (Pieridae) and found that females do not digest the spermatophores. We investigated the structure of the CB and found that a muscular sheath is absent, indicating that in this butterfly females lack the necessary "apparatus" for the mechanical digestion of the spermatophore. We propose that female monandry in this species is result of its incapability to mechanically digest the spermatophore, which results in a constant degree of CB distension after mating and, thus, in the maintenance of the sexually unreceptive state of females. Hypotheses on the evolution of this mechanism are discussed.
| S-EPMC8614189 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We unveiled the penile penetration mechanics of two earwig species, Echinosoma horridum, whose intromittent organ, termed virga, is extraordinarily long, and E. denticulatum, whose virga is conversely short. We characterised configuration, geometry, material and bending stiffness for both virga and spermatheca. The short virga of E. denticulatum has a material gradient with the stiffer base, whereas the long virga of E. horridum and the spermathecae of both species are homogeneously sclerotised. The long virga of E. horridum has a lower bending stiffness than the spermatheca. The virga of E. denticulatum is overall less flexible than the spermatheca. We compared our results to a previous study on the penetration mechanics of elongated beetle genitalia. Based on the comparison, we hypothesised that the lower stiffness of the male intromittent organ comparing to the corresponding female structure is a universal prerequisite for the penetration mechanics of the elongated intromittent organ in insects.
| S-EPMC8041768 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Violent coercive mating initiation is typical for animals with sexual conflict over mating. In these species, the coevolutionary arms-race between female defenses against coercive mating and male counter-adaptations for increased mating success leads to coevolutionary chases of male and female traits that influence the mating. It has been controversial whether one of the sexes can evolve traits that allow them to "win" this arms race. Here, we use morphological analysis (traditional and scanning electron micrographs), laboratory experiments and comparative methods to show how females of a species characterized by typical coercive mating initiation appear to "win" a particular stage of the sexual conflict by evolving morphology to hide their genitalia from direct, forceful access by males. In an apparent response to the female morphological adaptation, males of this species added to their typically violent coercive mounting of the female new post-mounting, pre-copulatory courtship signals produced by tapping the water's surface with the mid-legs. These courtship signals are intimate in the sense that they are aimed at the female, on whom the male is already mounted. Females respond to the signals by exposing their hidden genitalia for copulatory intromission. Our results indicate that the apparent victory of coevolutionary arms race by one sex in terms of morphology may trigger evolution of a behavioral phenotype in the opposite sex.
| S-EPMC2686155 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Reproductive conflict between the sexes is thought to be a key force in the evolution of many reproductive characters, but persuasive evidence for its significance is still scarce. The spectacular evolution of male genitalia that impose physical injury on females during mating has often been suggested to be a product of sexually antagonistic coevolution, but our understanding of these extraordinary adaptations is very limited, and there are no direct data addressing their evolutionary elaboration. We show that more spiny male genitalia causes more harm to females during copulation and provide comparative evidence for the correlated evolution between these antagonistic adaptations in males and a female counteradaptation (the amount of connective tissue in the copulatory duct) in a group of insects. By combining comparative and experimental methods, we demonstrate that imbalance of relative armament of the sexes affects evolution of the economics of reproduction: as males evolve genitalia that are more harmful relative to the level of female counteradaptation, costs associated with mating for females increase and population fitness is depressed. Our results unveil a coevolutionary arms race between the sexes and are consistent with a proposed link between sexual conflict, species' viability, and the risk of extinction.
| S-EPMC1904142 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC9509022 | biostudies-literature