Dataset Information

Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation.

ABSTRACT: Two kinds of cDNA (types A and B) encoding human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were isolated from a pheochromocytoma cDNA library. Type A (2.7 kb) and B (2.4 kb) encoded the same amino acid sequence and were different only in 3'-untranslated region. Type A contained 3'-extension of 300 bp at the end of type B. Subsequently, we isolated human DBH gene and analyzed genomic DNA by Southern hybridization. Human DBH gene (approximately 23 kb) was composed of 12 exons and existed as a single gene on genome. Exon 12 encoded 3'-terminal region of 1,013 bp of type A, including the 300 bp sequence. These results indicate that alternative use of two polyadenylation sites from a single DBH gene generates different mRNA types. This conclusion was supported by Northern hybridization and S1 nuclease mapping experiments. The ratio of type A and B mRNAs in pheochromocytoma was roughly 1.0 to 0.2. We found possible transcription regulatory elements, TATA, CCAAT, CACCC, GC boxes, near the transcription initiation site of DBH gene. Sequences homologous to glucocorticoid and cyclic AMP response elements were also observed.

SUBMITTER: Kobayashi K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC331724 | biostudies-other | 1989 Feb

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation.

Kobayashi K K Kurosawa Y Y Fujita K K Nagatsu T T

Nucleic acids research 19890201 3

Two kinds of cDNA (types A and B) encoding human dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were isolated from a pheochromocytoma cDNA library. Type A (2.7 kb) and B (2.4 kb) encoded the same amino acid sequence and were different only in 3'-untranslated region. Type A contained 3'-extension of 300 bp at the end of type B. Subsequently, we isolated human DBH gene and analyzed genomic DNA by Southern hybridization. Human DBH gene (approximately 23 kb) was composed of 12 exons and existed as a single gene on ...[more]

PMID: 2922261

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Project description:BackgroundThe 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of mRNAs contain cis elements involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Over half of all mammalian genes contain multiple polyadenylation sites that lead to different 3'UTRs for a gene. Studies have shown that the alternative polyadenylation (APA) pattern varies across tissues, and is dynamically regulated in proliferating or differentiating cells. Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, in which differentiated cells are reprogrammed to an embryonic stem (ES) cell-like state, has been intensively studied in recent years. However, it is not known how 3'UTRs are regulated during cell reprogramming.Methods/main findingsUsing a computational method that robustly examines APA across DNA microarray data sets, we analyzed 3'UTR dynamics in generation of iPS cells from different cell types. We found that 3'UTRs shorten during reprogramming of somatic cells, the extent of which depends on the type of source cell. By contrast, reprogramming of spermatogonial cells involves 3'UTR lengthening. The alternative polyadenylation sites that are highly responsive to change of cell state in generation of iPS cells are also highly regulated during embryonic development in opposite directions. Compared with other sites, they are more conserved, can lead to longer alternative 3'UTRs, and are associated with more cis elements for polyadenylation. Consistently, reprogramming of somatic cells and germ cells involves significant upregulation and downregulation, respectively, of mRNAs encoding polyadenylation factors, and RNA processing is one of the most significantly regulated biological processes during cell reprogramming. Furthermore, genes containing target sites of ES cell-specific microRNAs (miRNAs) in different portions of 3'UTR are distinctively regulated during cell reprogramming, suggesting impact of APA on miRNA targeting.Conclusions/significanceTaken together, these findings indicate that reprogramming of 3'UTRs by APA, which result from regulation of both general polyadenylation activity and cell type-specific factors and can reset post-transcriptional gene regulatory programs in the cell, is an integral part of iPS cell generation, and the APA pattern can be a good biomarker for cell type and state, useful for sample classification. The results also suggest that perturbation of the mRNA polyadenylation machinery or RNA processing activity may facilitate generation of iPS cells.

Dataset Information

Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation.

Publications

Human dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene: two mRNA types having different 3'-terminal regions are produced through alternative polyadenylation.

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