Frontal sinus fractures.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Echo A
PROVIDER: S-EPMC3324222 | biostudies-other | 2010 Nov
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Frontal sinus injuries may range from isolated anterior table fractures resulting in a simple aesthetic deformity to complex fractures involving the frontal recess, orbits, skull base, and intracranial contents. The risk of long-term morbidity can be significant. Optimal treatment strategies for the management of frontal sinus fractures remain controversial. However, it is critical to have a thorough understanding of frontal sinus anatomy as well as the current treatment strategies used to manage these injuries. A thorough physical exam and thin-cut, multiplanar (axial, coronal, and sagittal) computed tomography scan should be performed in all patients suspected of having a frontal sinus fracture. The most appropriate treatment strategy can be determined by assessing five anatomic parameters including the: frontal recess, anterior table integrity, posterior table integrity, dural integrity, and presence of a cerebrospinal fluid leak. A well thought out management strategy and meticulous surgical techniques are critical to success. The primary surgical goal is to provide a safe sinus while minimizing patient morbidity. This article offers an anatomically based treatment algorithm for the management of frontal sinus fractures and highlights the key steps to surgical repair.
| S-EPMC3052655 | biostudies-other
Project description:Frontal sinus fracture represents 5 to 12% of all maxillofacial fractures. Because of the anatomic position of the frontal sinus and the enormous amount of force required to create a fracture in this area, these injuries are often devastating and associated with other trauma. Associated injuries include skull base, intracranial, ophthalmologic, and maxillofacial. Complications should be categorized to address these four areas as well as the skin-soft tissue envelope, muscle, and bone. Other variables that should be examined are age of the patient, gender, mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, method of repair, and associated injuries. Management of frontal sinus fractures is so controversial that the indications, timing, method of repair, and surveillance remain disputable among several surgical specialties. The one universal truth that is agreed upon is that all patients undergoing reconstructive surgery of the frontal sinus have a lifelong risk for delayed complications. It is hoped that when patients do experience the first symptoms of a complication, they seek immediate medical attention and avoid potentially life-threatening situations and the need for crippling or disfiguring surgery. The best way to facilitate this is through long-term follow-up and routine surveillance.
| S-EPMC3052648 | biostudies-other
Project description:ImportanceDespite common goals of frontal sinus fracture treatment (restoring forehead contour and creating a safe sinus), there remains significant variability in evaluation and treatment.ObjectiveTo describe our experience with a minimally disruptive treatment protocol for the treatment of frontal sinus fractures.Design, setting, and participantsAnalysis of prospectively collected data from 2010 through 2015 at a level 1 trauma center. All patients with frontal sinus fractures treated with our protocol from January 2010 to December 2015. Patients with poor follow-up and/or incomplete medical records were excluded from analysis.Main outcomes and measuresPresence of an aerated frontal sinus and aesthetically acceptable forehead contour. Secondary outcome measures were complications related to frontal sinus fractures.ResultsA total of 39 patients were treated under our minimally disruptive protocol, and 25 patients were included in the study; 18 (72%) were male and 7 (28%) were female. Their ages ranged from 6 to 62 years. After review, 22 patients had both clinical and radiographic follow-up. No patients underwent immediate frontal sinus repair. Five of 22 patients underwent surgery for indications other than their frontal sinus fracture: 1 of 5 patients underwent immediate surgical repair due to bilateral LeFort fractures, and 4 of 5 underwent delayed surgery due to nasal polyps (1 patient), scar revision (1 patient), and concomitant LeFort fractures (2 patients). Two of 22 patients (9%) underwent frontal sinus repair after outpatient surveillance due to persistent cerebrospinal fluid leak (1 patient) and orbital roof fracture (1 patient). The remaining 20 patients were treated nonoperatively, and 19 of 20 (95%) had spontaneous improvement in opacification and/or contour deformity. Twelve of 20 patients (60%) had improvement or resolution in both. One patient had ongoing partial opacification and deformity at the 3-month follow-up but was asymptomatic and had bony contour that was aesthetically acceptable to the patient. There were no complications. The median of all follow-up was 3 months.Conclusions and relevanceFrontal sinus fractures treated nonoperatively had a high rate of spontaneous ventilation and bony autoreduction with aesthetically acceptable frontal bone remodeling. There were no complications in the nonoperative group. The initial results of this study support further study of the safety and efficacy of a minimally disruptive protocol for frontal sinus fractures.Level of evidence4.
| S-EPMC5539999 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We systematically reviewed the existing literature supporting the efficacy and safety of sinus preservation management for frontal sinus fractures in the modern era of endoscopic frontal sinus surgery. A systematic review of the English literature for the targeted objective was conducted using the PubMed database between January 1995 and August 2008. The PubMed database was queried using two major search terms of frontal sinus fracture or frontal sinus injury along with manual review of citations within bibliographies. Citations acquired from the primary search were filtered and relevant abstracts were identified that merited full review. Articles were identified that included any cohort of patients with frontal sinus fractures involving the frontal sinus outflow tract or posterior wall with sinus preservation management. A total of 231 citations were generated, and 56 abstracts were identified as potentially relevant articles. Sixteen articles merited full review, with seven articles meeting inclusion criteria for sinus preservation. There were 515 total patients in the studies with 350 patients managed with frontal sinus preservation. Similar short-term complications and effectiveness were found between fractures managed with sinus preservation and those with traditional management. Sinus preservation appears to be a safe and effective management strategy for select frontal sinus fractures. More transparent reporting of management strategies for individual cases or cohorts is needed. A standardized algorithm and categorization framework for future studies are proposed. Longer-term follow-up and larger prospective studies are necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of sinus preservation protocols.
| S-EPMC3052679 | biostudies-other
Project description:INTRODUCTION:Although significant experience has been gained in the technical nuances of endoscopic sinus surgery procedures, the patient-reported outcomes of frontal endoscopic sinus surgery procedures are still poorly understood. In this study we used the validated patient outcome measure Sino Nasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) to assess the preoperative and postoperative quality of life in patients undergoing extended endoscopic frontal sinus surgery (Draf type 2 and Draf type 3 procedures). METHODS:Out of a total of 680 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery and 186 patients undergoing frontal sinus surgery, 99 chronic rhinosinusitis patients with (CRSwNP) or without (CRSnNP) nasal polyps undergoing Draf 2 or Draf 3 were assessed. RESULTS:The mean preoperative SNOT-22 was 45.6 points for patients undergoing Draf 2 and 59 for patients undergoing Draf 3, while the mean radiological Lund-Mackay Score was 14.3 and 14.5, respectively. Mean SNOT 22 improvement was 22.9 points for Draf 2 and 37 points for Draf 3 respectively and remained significant in all time intervals, including at 4 years after surgery. With the exception of loss of smell/taste, all symptoms improved by a far bigger extent in Draf 3 group, despite the considerably worse starting point. Effect size (Cohen / Standard Deviations) of Draf 3 was greatest in the following symptoms: "being frustrated/restless/irritable" (1.63), "nasal blockage" (1.43), "reduced concentration" (1.35), "fatigue" (1.29) "runny nose" (1.26) and "need to blow nose" (1.17). Frontal sinus (neo) ostium was patent (fully or partly) at last follow up in 98% of Draf 2 patients and in 88% of patients following Draf 3. Patients with non-patent frontal (neo-) ostium however had a mean postoperative SNOT 22 score of 43 compared to 20 of those with patent frontal sinus (neo-) ostium, although the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:Patients undergoing Draf 3 have a greater burden of disease, including both nasal and emotional/general symptoms compared to Draf 2 patients; surgery results in improvement in both groups, although Draf 3 patients have the greatest benefit, especially in emotional / general symptons. In this way both groups achieve similar postoperative quality of life, despite the different starting points.
| S-EPMC7408842 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeDraf drainage is the standard treatment procedure for frontal sinus diseases. In this procedure, rigid angled endoscopes and rigid curved instruments are used. However, laterally located pathologies in the frontal sinus cannot be reached with rigid instrumentation. In order to assist surgeons with such complicated cases, we propose a novel handheld flexible manipulator system.MethodsA cross section of 3 mm × 4.6 mm enables transnasal guiding of a flexible endoscope with 1.4 mm diameter and a standard flexible surgical instrument with up to 1.8 mm diameter into the frontal sinus with increased reachability. The developed system consists of an electrical discharge-machined flexure hinge-based nitinol manipulator arm and a purely mechanical handheld control unit. The corresponding control unit enables upward and left-right bending of the manipulator arm, translation, rolling, actuation and also quick exchange of the surgical instrument. In order to verify the fulfillment of performance requirements, tests regarding reachability and payload capacity were conducted.ResultsReachability tests showed that the manipulator arm can be inserted into the frontal sinus and reach its lateral regions following a Draf IIa procedure. The system can exert forces of at least 2 N in the vertical direction and 1 N in the lateral direction which is sufficient for manipulation of frontal sinus pathologies.ConclusionConsidering the fact that the anatomical requirements of the frontal sinus are not addressed satisfactorily in the development of prospective flexible instruments, the proposed system shows great potential in terms of therapeutic use owing to its small cross section and dexterity.
| S-EPMC7419368 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposeEndoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) can manipulate sinus anatomy, but with limitations due to skull base and orbit anatomy. These anatomical structures dictate the maximal extent of ESS in the frontal recess and may limit surgical extent or operative duration. This study investigates the impact of these anatomical constraints on operative time and quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes.Materials and methodsPatients with medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis undergoing Draf IIa frontal sinus surgery were prospectively enrolled. Anatomic measurements of the frontal sinus anatomy were collected during computed tomography review and included: widest distance between the frontal beak and posterior table, narrowest point in the ethmoid bed, Keros height, presence of an anterior ethmoid artery on a mesentery, and presence of inter-sinus septal cells. Primary outcomes included mean operative time and improvement in SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) survey scores.Results63 adult participants were enrolled and followed 13.8 (5.2) months on average. The ethmoid bed mean width was 7.2 (1.4) mm, the mean distance from frontal beak to the posterior table at widest was 9.0 (2.7) mm, and mean Keros height was 5.1 (1.8) mm. 49/63 (83.1%) of participants had inter-sinus septal cells and 30/63(50.8%) had anterior ethmoid arteries on a mesentery. Mean operative time was 121.5 (44.0) min while SNOT-22 scores significantly (p<0.001) improved 26.1 (21.6) on average. Anatomic measurements were not predictive of operative time or mean QOL change (p>0.050).ConclusionsFrontal sinus surgery is an effective treatment for a range of frontal and ethmoid sinus anatomy. Further study with larger sample size and measures of more restricted anatomy might elucidate treatment limitations of ESS.
| S-EPMC4260988 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo explore predictive factors of postoperative outcome of frontal sinus balloon dilation.Study designRetrospective questionnaire study.SettingDepartment of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland.MethodsWe reviewed electronic records of all patients who underwent frontal sinus balloon dilatation (successful or attempted) in our clinic from 2008 to 2019. We documented patient characteristics, preoperative imaging results, intraoperative factors, possible complications, and reoperations. Those who underwent frontal sinus balloon sinuplasty were sent a questionnaire regarding their current symptoms and long-term satisfaction with surgery.ResultsIn total, 258 operations (404 frontal sinuses) were reviewed, with a technical success rate of 93.6% (n = 378). The revision rate was 15.7% (n = 38). Previous sinonasal surgery predicted a higher revision rate (p = .004, odds ratio [OR] = 3.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-6.56). Patients with hybrid surgery had significantly fewer reoperations compared to the balloon only group (p = .002, OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.16-0.67). The response rate of the questionnaire was 64.5% (n = 156), of which 88.5% (n = 138) reported a long-term benefit from the balloon sinuplasty. Patient satisfaction was higher (p = .02, OR = 8.26, 95% CI 1.06-64.24) among patients using nasal corticosteroids.ConclusionTechnical success rate and patient satisfaction after frontal sinus balloon sinuplasty are high. Balloon sinuplasty seems insufficient in reoperations. A hybrid approach appears to result in fewer reoperations than a balloon only approach.
| S-EPMC10046702 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Introductionand Objectives: Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the frontal sinus is a challenging condition facing the ENT surgeon. Repair of this condition has been changed nowadays due to the newer instruments and techniques of nasal endoscopy. This study aims to evaluate the outcome of frontal sinus CSF leak endoscopic repair.Patients and methodsTwenty-seven patients who had frontal sinus CSF leaks were included in this study. They were 9 females and 18 males. They underwent endoscopic repair of the leak site at the period of five years from 2015 to 2020. A retrospective evaluation of these patients includes reconstructive procedures, complications, and postoperative follow-up.ResultsThe frontal leaks were present in the frontal recess (8 patients, 29.6%), ethmoidal roof (5 patients, 18.5%), and the majority was in the posterior wall (14 patients, 51.9%); 11 in the medial side and 3 in the lateral side. All cases, 27 (100%) were treated successfully, no failed treatment was observed. Postoperative complications were minimal; two patients had elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), infection with fever were found in four patients (7.4%), and meningitis was observed in only two cases (7.4%), treated conservatively.ConclusionFor frontal sinus CSF leak repair, the endonasal endoscopic approach is the treatment of choice due to higher success rates and lower morbidity profile. A favorable result is possible with proper diagnosis, precise localization, and an appropriate strategy.
| S-EPMC8519771 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Frontal sinus variation has been used in forensic anthropology to aid in positive identification since the 1920s. As imaging technology has evolved, so has the quality and quantity of data that practitioners can collect. This study examined frontal sinus morphological and dimensional variation on computed tomography (CT) scans in 325 individuals for assigned sex females and males from African-, Asian-, European-, and Latin American-derived groups. Full coronal sinus outlines from medically derived CT images were transferred into SHAPE v1.3 for elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA). The dimensional data were measured directly from the images using the MicroDicom viewer. Statistical analyses-Pearson's chi-square, ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc tests-were run in R Studio. Results indicated that 3.7% lacked a frontal sinus and 12.0% had a unilateral sinus, usually on the left (74.3%). Additionally, no statistically significant morphological clustering using EFA was found based on assigned sex and/or population affinity. However, there were statistically significant differences dimensionally (height and depth) when tested against assigned sex and population affinity, indicating that the interactive effects of sexual dimorphism and adaptive population histories influence the dimensions but not the shape of the frontal sinus.
| S-EPMC9405290 | biostudies-literature