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Relevance of drinking water as a source of human exposure to bisphenol A.


ABSTRACT: A comprehensive search of studies describing bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in drinking water and source waters (i.e., surface water and groundwater) was conducted to evaluate the relevance of drinking water as a source of human exposure and risk. Data from 65 papers were evaluated from North America (31), Europe (17), and Asia (17). The fraction of drinking water measurements reported as less than the detection limit is high; 95%, 48%, and 41%, for North America, Europe, and Asia, respectively. The maximum quantified (in excess of the detection limit) BPA concentrations from North America, Europe, and Asia are 0.099 ?g/l, 0.014 ?g/l, and 0.317 ?g/l. The highest quantified median and 95th percentile concentrations of BPA in Asian drinking water are 0.026 ?g/l and 0.19 ?g/l, while high detection limits restricted the determination of representative median and 95th percentile concentrations in North America and Europe. BPA in drinking water represents a minor component of overall human exposure, and compared with the lowest available oral toxicity benchmark of 16 ?g/kg-bw/day (includes an uncertainty factor of 300) gives margins of safety >1100. Human biomonitoring data indicate that ingestion of drinking water represents <2.8% of the total intake of BPA.

SUBMITTER: Arnold SM 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3580800 | biostudies-other | 2013 Mar

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Relevance of drinking water as a source of human exposure to bisphenol A.

Arnold Scott M SM   Clark Kathryn E KE   Staples Charles A CA   Klecka Gary M GM   Dimond Steve S SS   Caspers Norbert N   Hentges Steven G SG  

Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology 20120718 2


A comprehensive search of studies describing bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in drinking water and source waters (i.e., surface water and groundwater) was conducted to evaluate the relevance of drinking water as a source of human exposure and risk. Data from 65 papers were evaluated from North America (31), Europe (17), and Asia (17). The fraction of drinking water measurements reported as less than the detection limit is high; 95%, 48%, and 41%, for North America, Europe, and Asia, respectivel  ...[more]

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