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Determinants of vitamin D status in fair-skinned women of childbearing age at northern latitudes.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Poor vitamin D status during pregnancy has been associated with unfavorable outcomes for mother and child. Thus, adequate vitamin D status in women of childbearing age may be important. The aim of this study is to investigate the determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum concentrations in women of childbearing age living in Sweden, at latitude 57-58° north. METHOD: Eighty four non-pregnant, non-lactating, healthy, fair-skinned women aged between 25-40 years were included. All subjects provided blood samples, four day food records and answered questionnaires about sun exposure and lifestyle. Total serum 25(OH)D was analyzed using Roche Cobas® electrochemoluminiescent immunoassay. RESULTS: Mean 25(OH)D was 65.8±19.9 nmol/l and 23% of the subjects had concentrations <50 nmol/l. Only 1% had concentrations <25 nmol/l. Determinants of 25(OH)D concentrations were recent sunbed use, recent travel to southern latitude, season, estrogen contraceptive use and use of supplementary vitamin D (R(2) = 0.27). CONCLUSION: Every fifth woman had 25(OH)D concentrations <50 nmol/l. About 30% of the variation in vitamin D status was explained by sun exposure, use of vitamin D supplements and use of estrogen contraceptives. Cutaneous vitamin D synthesis seems to be a major contributor to vitamin D status, even at northern latitudes. Thus, recommendations on safe UV-B exposure could be beneficial for vitamin D status.

SUBMITTER: Hedlund L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3621883 | biostudies-other | 2013

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:ObjectiveTo explore the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency of women of childbearing age in rural northern China.DesignA population-based, case-control study was conducted.SettingFour counties of Henan Province, China from 2009 to 2010.Participants1151 non-pregnant healthy women between 18 and 40 years old.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vitamin D insufficiency was defined as serum 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/mL and <30 ng/mL, deficiency as ≥10 ng/mL and <20 ng/mL, and severe deficiency as <10 ng/mL. SES was measured separately by women's and their husbands' education level and occupation, household income and expenditure, as well as aggregately by SES index constructed with principal component analysis.ResultsThe median serum 25(OH)D level was 20.90 (13.60-34.60) ng/mL, and the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency, deficiency and severe deficiency was 20.16%, 31.80% and 15.99%, respectively. After adjustment, household annual income <¥10 000 was associated with increased risk of vitamin D insufficiency (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.10, 95% CI 1.41 to 3.14), deficiency (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.29) and severe deficiency (aOR: 2.79, 95% CI 1.78 to 4.38); inadequate household income for expenditure was associated with elevated risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR: 1.66, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.54) and deficiency (aOR: 1.81, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62); low SES index was associated with elevated risk of vitamin D insufficiency (aOR: 2.40, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.80) and deficiency (aOR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.50); and both middle and low SES index were associated with increased risk of vitamin D severe deficiency (aOR: 1.70, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.84; aOR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.45 to 4.14).ConclusionsLower SES was associated with higher risk of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in women of childbearing age in rural northern China. More should be done to explore potential mechanisms and to narrow down SES inequalities in vitamin D status.

Project description:BackgroundWomen of childbearing age (WCBA) and women of menopausal age (WMENO) have distinct nutritional needs. Understanding nutrient intake and status in these life stages is critical for tailoring dietary recommendations.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate total estimated usual nutrient intakes from food and food plus supplements and to compare these to established recommendations for WCBA and WMENO life stages and examine associations between self-reported estimated usual intakes and nutrient status biomarkers.MethodsTwenty-four-hour dietary recall data from 2011-2016 NHANES were used to estimate usual intake of nutrients from food and food plus supplements for WCBA (aged 15-44 y, n = 4,134) and WMENO (aged 40-65 y, n = 3,438). Estimates of mean usual intake were derived and compared across clinically defined nutrient biomarker categories.ResultsBoth young (aged 15-30 y) and older (aged 31-44 y) WCBA had intakes from food below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for calcium (49% and 44%, respectively), magnesium (62%, 44%), and vitamins A (50%, 44%), C (47%, 46%), D (>97%, >97%), and E (92%, 88%). Similarly, perimenopausal (aged 40-50 y) and menopausal (aged 51-65 y) women had intakes from food below the EAR for calcium (48% and 74%, respectively), magnesium (50%, 49%), and vitamins A (44%, 37%), C (44%, 41%), D (>97%, >97%), and E (88%, 86%). Nutrient gaps decreased with supplement usage. For folate, vitamins D and B-12, and DHA, women in the lowest biomarker category (indicating increased risk of deficiency) had significantly lower intake from food (315.2 ± 25.9 compared with 463.8 ± 5.2 µg dietary folate equivalents, 3.5 ± 0.1 compared with 4.2 ± 0.1 µg, 3.6 ± 0.2 compared with 4.3 ± 0.1 µg, and 0.037 ± 0.005 compared with 0.070 ± 0.006 g, respectively; P < 0.01) of the corresponding nutrient compared with the highest biomarker category.ConclusionsSubstantial percentages of WCBA and WMENO are not meeting recommendations for multiple nutrients, whereas supplement usage partially fills nutrient gaps. Dietary intake was positively associated with most nutrient status biomarkers. Specific guidance is needed to ensure adequate nutrient intakes and nutrient status during these critical life stages.

Project description:Background:Vitamin D deficiency is common among women of reproductive age (WRA) in Bangladesh, but the causes remain unclear. Objective:To explain the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in WRA in Dhaka, Bangladesh, we compared the vitamin D status of pregnant women with that of their husbands and between pregnant and nonpregnant states. Methods:This study was an observational substudy of the Maternal Vitamin D for Infant Growth trial conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Women (n = 1300) were enrolled in the second trimester of pregnancy and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 arms consisting of different doses of vitamin D supplements or placebo, with 1 arm continuing supplementation until 6 mo postpartum. A subgroup of trial participants and their husbands with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration measurements (n = 84), and placebo-group trial participants with serum 25(OH)D measured in the second trimester of pregnancy and 6 mo postpartum (n = 89) were studied using linear mixed-effects regression models. Results:The mean ± SD plasma 25(OH)D in pregnant women in the second trimester was 23 ± 11 nmol/L. Adjusting for age and season, 25(OH)D of pregnant women was 30 nmol/L lower (95% CI: -36, -25 nmol/L) than that of men. Only 9% of total variance in 25(OH)D was explained by factors shared by spousal pairs. Selected nonshared factors (BMI, time spent outdoors, involvement in an outdoor job, sunscreen use) did not explain the association of sex with 25(OH)D. Adjusting for age, season, and BMI, 25(OH)D was similar during pregnancy and 6 mo postpartum (mean difference: -2.4 nmol/L; 95% CI: -5.3, 0.4 nmol/L). Conclusions:In Dhaka, WRA have substantially poorer vitamin D status than men. Variation in 25(OH)D is not greatly influenced by determinants shared by spouses. Measured nonshared characteristics or pregnancy did not account for the gender differential in 25(OH)D. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01924013.

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Determinants of vitamin D status in fair-skinned women of childbearing age at northern latitudes.

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