Dataset Information

Humans have an expectation that gaze is directed toward them.

ABSTRACT: Many animals use cues from another animal's gaze to help distinguish friend from foe. In humans, the direction of someone's gaze provides insight into their focus of interest and state of mind and there is increasing evidence linking abnormal gaze behaviors to clinical conditions such as schizophrenia and autism. This fundamental role of another's gaze is buoyed by the discovery of specific brain areas dedicated to encoding directions of gaze in faces. Surprisingly, however, very little is known about how others' direction of gaze is interpreted. Here we apply a Bayesian framework that has been successfully applied to sensory and motor domains to show that humans have a prior expectation that other people's gaze is directed toward them. This expectation dominates perception when there is high uncertainty, such as at night or when the other person is wearing sunglasses. We presented participants with synthetic faces viewed under high and low levels of uncertainty and manipulated the faces by adding noise to the eyes. Then, we asked the participants to judge relative gaze directions. We found that all participants systematically perceived the noisy gaze as being directed more toward them. This suggests that the adult nervous system internally represents a prior for gaze and highlights the importance of experience in developing our interpretation of another's gaze.

SUBMITTER: Mareschal I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC3918857 | biostudies-other | 2013 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Humans have an expectation that gaze is directed toward them.

Mareschal Isabelle I Calder Andrew J AJ Clifford Colin W G CW

Current biology : CB 20130404 8

Many animals use cues from another animal's gaze to help distinguish friend from foe. In humans, the direction of someone's gaze provides insight into their focus of interest and state of mind and there is increasing evidence linking abnormal gaze behaviors to clinical conditions such as schizophrenia and autism. This fundamental role of another's gaze is buoyed by the discovery of specific brain areas dedicated to encoding directions of gaze in faces. Surprisingly, however, very little is known ...[more]

PMID: 23562265

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Project description:Vision begins with the encoding of contrast at specific orientations. Several works showed that humans identify their conspecifics best based on the horizontally-oriented information contained in the face image; this range conveys the main morphological features of the face. In contrast, the vertical structure of the eye region seems to deliver optimal cues to gaze direction. The present work investigates whether the human face processing system flexibly tunes to vertical information contained in the eye region when processing gaze direction. Alternatively, face processing may invariantly rely on the horizontal range, supporting the domain specificity of orientation tuning for faces and the gateway role of horizontal content to access any type of facial information. Participants judged the gaze direction of faces staring at a range of lateral positions. They additionally performed an identification task with upright and inverted face stimuli. Across tasks, stimuli were filtered to selectively reveal horizontal (H), vertical (V), or combined (HV) information. Most participants identified faces better based on horizontal than vertical information confirming the horizontal tuning of face identification. In contrast, they showed a vertically-tuned sensitivity to gaze direction. The logistic functions fitting the "left" and "right" response proportion as a function of gaze direction were indeed steeper when based on vertical than on horizontal information. The finding of a vertically-tuned processing of gaze direction favours the hypothesis that visual encoding of face information flexibly switches to the orientation channel carrying the cues most relevant to the task at hand. It suggests that horizontal structure, though predominant in the face stimulus, is not a mandatory gateway for efficient face processing. The present evidence may help better understand how visual signals travel the visual system to enable rich and complex representations of naturalistic stimuli such as faces.

Dataset Information

Humans have an expectation that gaze is directed toward them.

Publications

Humans have an expectation that gaze is directed toward them.

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