Effects of GA3 pregerminative treatment on Gentiana lutea L. var. aurantiaca germination and seedlings morphology.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gonzalez-Lopez O
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4106047 | biostudies-other | 2014
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Flower color is an important characteristic that determines the commercial value of ornamental plants. Gentian flowers occur in a limited range of colors because this species is not widely cultivated as a cut flower. Gentiana lutea L. var. aurantiaca (abbr, aurantiaca) is characterized by its orange flowers, but the specific pigments responsible for this coloration are unknown. We therefore investigated the carotenoid and flavonoid composition of petals during flower development in the orange-flowered gentian variety of aurantiaca and the yellow-flowered variety of G. lutea L. var. lutea (abbr, lutea). We observed minor varietal differences in the concentration of carotenoids at the early and final stages, but only aurantiaca petals accumulated pelargonidin glycosides, whereas these compounds were not found in lutea petals. We cloned and sequenced the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene fragments from petals, and analyzed the expression of these genes in the petals of both varieties to determine the molecular mechanisms responsible for the differences in petal color. Comparisons of deduced amino acid sequences encoded by the isolated anthocyanin cDNA fragments indicated that chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), anthocyanidin synthase 1 (ANS1) and ANS2 are identical in both aurantiaca and lutea varieties whereas minor amino acid differences of the deduced flavonone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) between both varieties were observed. The aurantiaca petals expressed substantially higher levels of transcripts representing CHS, F3H, DFR, ANS and UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase genes, compared to lutea petals. Pelargonidin glycoside synthesis in aurantiaca petals therefore appears to reflect the higher steady-state levels of pelargonidin synthesis transcripts. Moreover, possible changes in the substrate specificity of DFR enzymes may represent additional mechanisms for producing red pelargonidin glycosides in petals of aurantiaca. Our report describing the exclusive accumulation of pelargonidin glycosides in aurantiaca petals may facilitate the modification of gentian flower color by the production of red anthocyanins.
| S-EPMC5010251 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Corolla color in Gentiana lutea L. exhibits a yellow/orange variation. We previously demonstrated that the orange petal color of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca is predominantly caused by newly synthesized pelargonidin glycosides that confer a reddish hue to the yellow background color, derived from the carotenoids. However, the anthocyanin molecules of these pelargonidin glycosides are not yet fully identified and characterized. Here, we investigated the regulation, content and type of anthocyanins determining the petal coloration of the orange-flowered G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca. Anthocyanins from the petals of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca were characterized and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (High-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry) coupled with a diode array detector in flowers at three different stages of development (S1, S3 and S5). Eleven pelargonidin derivatives were identified in the petals of G. lutea L. var. aurantiaca for the first time, but quantitative and qualitative differences were observed at each developmental stage. The highest levels of these pelargonidin derivatives were reached at the fully open flower stage (S5) where all anthocyanins were detected. In contrast, not all the anthocyanins were detected at the budlet stage (S1) and mature bud stage (S3) and those corresponded to more complex pelargonidin derivatives. The major pelargonidin derivatives found at all the stages were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, pelargonidin 3,5-O-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. Furthermore, the expression of DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase), ANS (anthocyanidin synthase), 3GT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase), 5GT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase) and 5AT (anthocyanin 5-aromatic acyltransferase) genes was analyzed in the petals of three developmental stages, showing that the expression level of DFR, ANS and 3GT parallels the accumulation of the pelargonidin glucosides. Overall, this study enhances the knowledge of the biochemical basis of flower coloration in Gentiana species, and lays a foundation for breeding of flower color and genetic variation studies on Gentiana varieties.
| S-EPMC6370212 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Anthocyanins are important pigments for flower color, determining the ornamental and economic values of horticultural plants. As a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanidins, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) catalyzes the reduction of dihydroflavonols to generate the precursors for anthocyanidins (i.e., leucoanthocyanidins) and anthocyanins. To investigate the functions of DFRs in plants, we cloned the GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 genes from the petals of Gentiana lutea var. aurantiaca and transformed both genes into Nicotiana tabacum by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc method. We further investigated the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of T1 generation transgenic tobacco plants selected based on the hygromycin resistance and verified by both PCR and semiquantitative real-time PCR analyses. The phenotypic segregation was observed in the flower color of the transgenic tobacco plants, showing petals darker than those in the wild-type (WT) plants. Results of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the contents of gentiocyanin derivatives were decreased in the petals of transgenic plants in comparison to those of WT plants. Ours results revealed the molecular functions of GlaDFR1 and GlaDFR2 in the formation of coloration, providing solid theoretical foundation and candidate genes for further genetic improvement in flower color of plants.
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Project description:Plants respond to environmental stressors, such as an oligotrophic environments, by altering the morphological and physiological functions of their leaves. Sex affects these functions because of the asymmetric cost of reproduction in dioecious plants. We compared the leaf mass per leaf area (LMA), ratio of intercellular air space in leaf mesophyll tissue (mesophyll porosity), palisade thickness, and carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of leaves of the dioecious shrub Myrica gale based on sex and gradients of soil water chemistry across habitats in the field. The PCA showed that the first three principal components accounted for 84.5% of the variation. PC1 to PC3 were associated with the origin of soil water, nitrogen status of habitats, and sea-salt contributions, respectively. LMA varied from 5.22 to 7.13 μg/cm2, and it was positively related to PC2 and negatively related to PC3, but not to PC1 or sex, suggesting that LMA was low under poor nitrogen conditions and varied with salinity. Mesophyll porosity values were over 50% for all habitats. Mesophyll porosity was positively affected by PC3 and smaller in females than in males. This suggests that M. gale exhibits differences in mesophyll anatomy according to sex. Palisade thickness ranged from 0.466 to 0.559 mm/mm. The leaves of females had thinner palisade layers per mesophyll layer than those of males; however, the habitat did not affect the thickness of the palisade layer per mesophyll layer. The δ13C values of leaves varied from -32.14 to -30.51 ‰. We found that δ13C values were positively related to PC2 but not to PC1, PC3, and sex. Under poor nitrogen conditions, the δ13C of M. gale leaves decreased, suggesting that nutrient deficiency would decrease more under the long-term averaged ratio of photosynthesis than stomatal conductance, leading to low water use efficiency.
| S-EPMC9499279 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Salinity is a major constraint limiting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Thus, understanding the mechanism underlying plant stress response is of importance to developing new approaches that will increase salt tolerance in crops. This study reports the effects of salt stress on Sorghum bicolor during germination and the role of calcium (Ca2+) to ameliorate some of the effects of salt. To this end, sorghum seeds were germinated in the presence and absence of different NaCl (200 and 300 mM) and Ca2+ (5, 15, or 35 mM) concentrations. Salt stress delayed germination, reduced growth, increased proline, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Salt also induced the expression of key antioxidant (ascorbate peroxidase and catalase) and the Salt Overlay Sensitive1 genes, whereas in the presence of Ca2+ their expression was reduced except for the vacuolar Na+/H+ exchanger antiporter2 gene, which increased by 65-fold compared to the control. Ca2+ reversed the salt-induced delayed germination and promoted seedling growth, which was concomitant with reduced H2O2 and Na+/K+ ratio, indicating a protective effect. Ca2+ also effectively protected the sorghum epidermis and xylem layers from severe damage caused by salt stress. Taken together, our findings suggest that sorghum on its own responds to high salt stress through modulation of osmoprotectants and regulation of stress-responsive genes. Finally, 5 mM exogenously applied Ca2+ was most effective in enhancing salt stress tolerance by counteracting oxidative stress and improving Na+/K+ ratio, which in turn improved germination efficiency and root growth in seedlings stressed by high NaCl.
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Project description:To identify the genome-wide transcriptional changes that occur throughout germination of C. neoformans spores, we conducted a time-course microarray experiment spanning six timepoints to generate a temporal expression pattern for each known gene. Spores were placed in rich medium and allowed to germinate for 10 hours, when they start to replicate as yeast. Each time point was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and RNA was harvested for each time point at the same time. Microarray hybridizations were conducted in a reference pool design, where each time point was mixed together in equal amounts to make a reference pool sample. Then each time point was hybrdized against the reference pool. Characterization of the genes and pathways that are regulated during germination of this ubiquitous fungal pathogen will allow us to better understand how infectious spores resume vegetative growth, a process that likely is critical for interaction between C. neoformans and a host.
2014-07-31 | GSE53912 | GEO
Project description:As they grow, plant seedlings emit very small amount of light, the so-called ultraweak photon emissions (UPE). Numbering tens or hundreds of photons per second, this UPE radiation has been measured on groups of 10 to 1000s of seedlings growing together. Here, we set out to measure UPE on single germinating seeds, enabling the assessment of individual seeds. Here, UPE were measured in low-noise laboratories, enabling long-term, stable and reproduceable testing conditions. UPE recordings could in effect be performed on single germinating seedlings of mung beans, corn and wheat, also comparing measurements to 10-seed sample of mung beans. The data reveal differences between seedlings and plant species. The relation between the seedling's development - total length of roots plus leaflet - and the UPE data is presented in terms of the total photon counts as a function of seedling growth in time. These data were fitted in linear interpolation, for the tests with mung beans when related to the UPE slope (R2 ~0.834). UPE versus growth correlation was weaker for tests conducted with single mung seedlings (R2 <0.4), revealing individual variation and seedling movements during growth. For single corn, intermediates correlation coefficients R2 were observed (0.57<R2 <0.83), while single wheat seed data were more sparse (R2~0.62). Altogether the data show a general pattern of linear UPE to growth relationship, yet highlighting variations between plant species, which provide a benchmark for assessing the health of early seedlings.
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Project description:Orchids produce large numbers of dust-like seeds that rely heavily on orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMFs) for germination. Using OMFs to facilitate orchid proliferation is considered an effective method for orchid conservation but still presents challenges in practice. In this study, orchid seed-fungus complexes, in which orchid seeds and fungal mycelia were embedded together to form granules, were developed as platforms to facilitate seed germination and seedling production. Overall, seedlings were produced by seed-fungus complexes for five orchid species with large variations in the percentages of seedlings produced among species/treatments. For the different fungal treatments in Dendrobium officinale, Sebacinales LQ performed much better than the other fungal strains. At 90 days after sowing, 75.8±2.6% seedlings were produced in the LQ treatment, which was significantly higher than in the Tulasnella sp. JM (22.0±3.0%) and Tulasnella sp. TPYD-2 (5.3±1.0%) treatments, as well as in the LQ and TPYD-2 cocultured treatment (40.4±3.2%), while no seedlings were formed in the Tulasnella sp. SSCDO-5 or control treatments. For the other four orchid species, only one compatible fungus for each species was used, and the percentages of seedlings in epiphytic Dendrobium devonianum (67.2±2.9%) and D. nobile (38.9±2.8%) were much higher than those in terrestrial Paphiopedilum spicerianum (2.9±1.1%) and Arundina graminifolia (6.7±2.1%) at 90 days after sowing. Adding 1% polymer water-absorbent resin to the seed-fungus complexes of D. officinale seeds with fungal strain Sebacinales LQ significantly increased seedling formation, while other additional substances showed negative effects on seedling formation. For the storage of seed-fungus complexes, it is recommended to store the seed-fungus complexes in valve bags at room temperature for a short time and at a low temperature of 4°C for no more than 30 days. As a platform for symbiotic seed germination, the seed-fungus complex can facilitate seed germination, produce seedlings and support subsequent seedling growth, and its seedling productivity depends on seed germination characteristics, seed viability, and the efficiency of fungi. Seed-fungus complexes have great potential to be used as propagules in orchid conservation.
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Project description:Pteris cretica L var. nervosa is one of the dominent fern species at antimony mining area where arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can be found as a symbiosis. The effect of AMF on fern exposed to long-term excessive Sb was pooly understood. The project applied this fern co-cultivting with or withour AMF under different concentration of Sb in soil for charicterising Sb phytomediation ability of it along with the effect by AMF symbiosis.
2024-01-19 | PXD012678 | Pride
Project description:Crops with resilience to multiple climatic stresses are essential for increased yield stability. Here, we evaluate the interaction between two loci associated with flooding survival in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ANAEROBIC GERMINATION 1 (AG1), encoding trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase 7 (TPP7), promotes mobilization of endosperm reserves to enhance the elongation of a hollow coleoptile in seeds that are seeded directly into shallow paddies. SUBMERGENCE 1 (SUB1), encoding the ethylene-responsive transcription factor SUB1A-1, confers tolerance to complete submergence by dampening carbohydrate catabolism, to enhance recovery upon desubmergence. Interactions between AG1/TPP7 and SUB1/SUB1A-1 were investigated under three flooding scenarios using four near-isogenic lines by surveying growth and survival. Pyramiding of the two loci does not negatively affect anaerobic germination or vegetative-stage submergence tolerance. However, the pyramided AG1 SUB1 genotype displays reduced survival when seeds are planted underwater and maintained under submergence for 16 d. To better understand the roles of TPP7 and SUB1A-1 and their interaction, temporal changes in carbohydrates and shoot transcriptomes were monitored in the four genotypes varying at the two loci at four developmental timeponts, from day 2 after seeding through day 14 of complete submergence. TPP7 enhances early coleoptile elongation, whereas SUB1A-1 promotes precocious photoautotrophy and then restricts underwater elongation. By contrast, pyramiding of the AG1 and SUB1 slows elongation growth, the transition to photoautotrophy, and survival. mRNA-sequencing highlights time-dependent and genotype-specific regulation of mRNAs associated with DNA repair, cell cycle, chromatin modification, plastid biogenesis, carbohydrate catabolism and transport, elongation growth, and other processes. These results suggest that interactions between AG1/TPP7 and SUB1/SUB1A-1 could impact seedling establishment if paddy depth is not effectively managed after direct seeding.
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