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Labor union members play an OLG repeated game.

ABSTRACT: Humans are capable of cooperating with one another even when it is costly and a deviation provides an immediate gain. An important reason is that cooperation is reciprocated or rewarded and deviations are penalized in later stages. For cooperation to be sustainable, not only must rewards and penalties be strong enough but individuals should also have the right incentives to provide rewards and punishments. Codes of conduct with such properties have been studied extensively in game theory (as repeated game equilibria), and the literature on the evolution of cooperation shows how equilibrium behavior might emerge and proliferate in society. We found that community unions, a subclass of labor unions that admits individual affiliations, are ideal to corroborate these theories with reality, because (i) their activities are simple and (ii) they have a structure that closely resembles a theoretical model, the overlapping generations repeated game. A detailed case study of a community union revealed a possible equilibrium that can function under the very limited observability in the union. The equilibrium code of conduct appears to be a natural focal point based on simple heuristic reasoning. The union we studied was created out of necessity for cooperation, without knowing or anticipating how cooperation might be sustained. The union has successfully resolved about 3,000 labor disputes and created a number of offspring.

SUBMITTER: Kandori M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4113928 | biostudies-other | 2014 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:This study investigated the influence of repeated-sprint ability (RSA) on the activity of rugby union players in a competitive situation according to their position. Thirty-three semiprofessional rugby union players (age, 25.6 ± 4.3; height, 184.0 ± 8.0 cm; weight, 98.9 ± 13.9 kg, ~20 h training a week), divided into two position subgroups (forwards n = 20, backs n = 13) or four positional subgroups (front row and locks n = 13, back row n = 7, inside backs n = 6, outside backs n = 7), were tested. Their RSA was assessed with a 12 × 20 m sprint test over a 20 s cycle. GPS data (distance, acceleration, number of sprints, maximum velocity, and high-velocity running) and technical data were collected on 18 semiprofessional division rugby union games. In forwards, players with lower cumulated sprint time in the RSA test produced significantly more accelerations (ρ = -0.85, p < 0.001) and more combat actions per match minute (ρ = -0.69, p < 0.001). In backs, RSA was significantly correlated with high-intensity running [distance (ρ = -0.76), Vmax (ρ = -0.84), sprints frequency (ρ = -0.71), high-velocity running (ρ = -0.76), all p < 0.01]. Then, the players were divided into four subgroups (front row and locks, back row, inside backs and outside backs). RSA was significantly associated with the number of accelerations (ρ = -0.96, p <001) and combat actions in front row and locks (ρ = -0.71, p = 0.007). In the back row, RSA was correlated with distance (ρ = -0.96, p = 0.003) and the frequency of combat actions (ρ = -0.79, p = 0.04). In inside backs, RSA was significantly (all p < 0.01) correlated with distance (ρ = -0.81), number of accelerations (ρ = -0.94) and high-velocity running (ρ = -0.94), while in outside backs, RSA was associated with sprint frequency (ρ = -0.85) and the maximal in-game velocity reached (ρ = -0.89). These results demonstrate that RSA is associated with match running and combat activity performance (i) regardless of the position on the pitch and (ii) specifically for each player's position by improving the corresponding activity profile.

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Labor union members play an OLG repeated game.

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