Allergens are not pathogens: why immunization against allergy differs from vaccination against infectious diseases.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Weiss R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4130253 | biostudies-other | 2014
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Traditional prophylactic vaccination to prevent illness is the primary objective of many research activities worldwide. The golden age of vaccination began with an approach called variolation in ancient China and the evolution of vaccines still continues today with modern developments such as the production of Gardasil(TM) against HPV and cervical cancer. The historical aspect of how different forms of vaccination have changed the face of medicine and communities is important as it dictates our future approaches on both a local and global scale. From the eradication of smallpox to the use of an experimental vaccine to save a species, this review will explore these successes in infectious disease vaccination and also discuss a few significant failures which have hampered our efforts to eradicate certain diseases. The second part of the review will explore designing a prophylactic vaccine for the growing global health concern that is allergy. Allergies are an emerging global health burden. Of particular concern is the rise of food allergies in developed countries where 1 in 10 children is currently affected. The formation of an allergic response results from the recognition of a foreign component by our immune system that is usually encountered on a regular basis. This may be a dust-mite or a prawn but this inappropriate immune response can result in a life-time of food avoidance and lifestyle restrictions. These foreign components are very similar to antigens derived from infectious pathogens. The question arises: should the allergy community be focussing on protective measures rather than ongoing therapeutic interventions to deal with these chronic inflammatory conditions? We will explore the difficulties and benefits of prophylactic vaccination against various allergens by means of genetic technology that will dictate how vaccination against allergens could be utilized in the near future.
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Project description:Infectious diseases have always been regarded as one of the greatest global threats for the last century. The current ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is living proof that the world is still threatened by emerging infectious diseases. Morbidity and mortality rates of diseases caused by Coronavirus have inflicted devastating social and economic outcomes. Undoubtedly, vaccination is the most effective method of eradicating infections and infectious diseases that have been eradicated by vaccinations, including Smallpox and Polio. To date, next-generation vaccine candidates with novel platforms are being approved for emergency use, such as the mRNA and viral vectored vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Nanoparticle based vaccines are the perfect candidates as they demonstrated targeted antigen delivery, improved antigen presentation, and sustained antigen release while providing self-adjuvanting functions to stimulate potent immune responses. In this review, we discussed most of the recent nanovaccines that have found success in immunization and challenge studies in animal models in comparison with their naked vaccine counterparts. Nanovaccines that are currently in clinical trials are also reviewed.
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Project description:Vaccines for infectious diseases have improved the life of the human species in a tremendous manner. The principle of vaccination is to establish de novo adaptive immune response consisting of antibody and T cell responses against pathogens which should defend the vaccinated person against future challenge with the culprit pathogen. The situation is completely different for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated allergy, an immunologically-mediated hypersensitivity which is already characterized by increased IgE antibody levels and T cell responses against per se innocuous antigens (i.e., allergens). Thus, allergic patients suffer from a deviated hyper-immunity against allergens leading to inflammation upon allergen contact. Paradoxically, vaccination with allergens, termed allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), induces a counter immune response based on the production of high levels of allergen-specific IgG antibodies and alterations of the adaptive cellular response, which reduce allergen-induced symptoms of allergic inflammation. AIT was even shown to prevent the progression of mild to severe forms of allergy. Consequently, AIT can be considered as a form of therapeutic vaccination. In this article we describe a strategy and possible road map for the use of an AIT approach for prophylactic vaccination against allergy which is based on new molecular allergy vaccines. This road map includes the use of AIT for secondary preventive vaccination to stop the progression of clinically silent allergic sensitization toward symptomatic allergy and ultimately the prevention of allergic sensitization by maternal vaccination and/or early primary preventive vaccination of children. Prophylactic allergy vaccination with molecular allergy vaccines may allow halting the allergy epidemics affecting almost 30% of the population as it has been achieved for vaccination against infectious diseases.
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