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A gene encoding a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is induced by dehydration and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

ABSTRACT: A cDNA corresponding to a putative phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned by use of the polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA, designated cAtPLC1, encodes a putative polypeptide of 561 aa with a calculated molecular mass of 64 kDa. The putative product includes so-called X and Y domains found in all PI-PLCs identified to date. In mammalian cells, there are three types of PI-PLC, PLC-beta, -gamma, and -delta. The overall structure of the putative AtPLC1 protein is most similar to that of PLC-delta, although the AtPLC1 protein is much smaller than PLCs from other organisms. The recombinant AtPLC1 protein synthesized in Escherichia coli was able to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and this activity was completely dependent on Ca2+, as observed also for mammalian PI-PLCs. These results suggest that the AtPLC1 gene encodes a genuine PI-PLC of a higher plant. Northern blot analysis showed that the AtPLC1 gene is expressed at very low levels in the plant under normal conditions but is induced to a significant extent under various environmental stresses, such as dehydration, salinity, and low temperature. These observations suggest that AtPLC1 might be involved in the signal-transduction pathways of environmental stresses and that an increase in the level of AtPLC1 might amplify the signal, in a manner that contributes to the adaptation of the plant to these stresses.

SUBMITTER: Hirayama T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC42070 | biostudies-other | 1995 Apr

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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A gene encoding a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is induced by dehydration and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Hirayama T T Ohto C C Mizoguchi T T Shinozaki K K

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 19950401 9

A cDNA corresponding to a putative phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned by use of the polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA, designated cAtPLC1, encodes a putative polypeptide of 561 aa with a calculated molecular mass of 64 kDa. The putative product includes so-called X and Y domains found in all PI-PLCs identified to date. In mammalian cells, there are three types of PI-PLC, PLC-beta, -gamma, and -delta. The overall structure ...[more]

PMID: 7732004

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Project description:BACKGROUND: Pre-exposing plants to diverse abiotic stresses may alter their physiological and transcriptional responses to a subsequent stress, suggesting a form of "stress memory". Arabidopsis thaliana plants that have experienced multiple exposures to dehydration stress display transcriptional behavior suggesting "memory" from an earlier stress. Genes that respond to a first stress by up-regulating or down-regulating their transcription but in a subsequent stress provide a significantly different response define the 'memory genes' category. Genes responding similarly to each stress form the 'non-memory' category. It is unknown whether such memory responses exists in other Angiosperm lineages and whether memory is an evolutionarily conserved response to repeated dehydration stresses. RESULTS: Here, we determine the transcriptional responses of maize (Zea mays L.) plants that have experienced repeated exposures to dehydration stress in comparison with plants encountering the stress for the first time. Four distinct transcription memory response patterns similar to those displayed by A. thaliana were revealed. The most important contribution is the evidence that monocot and eudicot plants, two lineages that have diverged 140 to 200 M years ago, display similar abilities to 'remember' a dehydration stress and to modify their transcriptional responses, accordingly. The highly sensitive RNA-Seq analyses allowed to identify genes that function similarly in the two lineages, as well as genes that function in species-specific ways. Memory transcription patterns indicate that the transcriptional behavior of responding genes under repeated stresses is different from the behavior during an initial dehydration stress, suggesting that stress memory is a complex phenotype resulting from coordinated responses of multiple signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Structurally related genes displaying the same memory responses in the two species would suggest conservation of the genes' memory during the evolution of plants' dehydration stress response systems. On the other hand, divergent transcription memory responses by genes encoding similar functions would suggest occurrence of species-specific memory responses. The results provide novel insights into our current knowledge of how plants respond to multiple dehydration stresses, as compared to a single exposure, and may serve as a reference platform to study the functions of memory genes in adaptive responses to water deficit in monocot and eudicot plants.

Project description:BackgroundHow plants respond to dehydration stress has been extensively researched. However, how plants respond to multiple consecutive stresses is virtually unknown. Pre-exposure to various abiotic stresses (including dehydration) may alter plants' subsequent responses by improving resistance to future exposures. These observations have led to the concept of 'stress memory' implying that during subsequent exposures plants provide responses that are different from those during their first encounter with the stress. Genes that provide altered responses in a subsequent stress define the 'memory genes' category; genes responding similarly to each stress form the 'non-memory' category.ResultsUsing a genome-wide RNA-Seq approach we determine the transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis plants that have experienced multiple exposures to dehydration stress and compare them with the transcriptional behavior of plants encountering the stress for the first time. The major contribution of this study is the revealed existence of four distinct, previously unknown, transcription memory response patterns of dehydration stress genes in A.thaliana. The biological relevance for each of the four memory types is considered in the context of four overlapping strategies employed by a plant to improve its stress tolerance and/or survival: 1) increased synthesis of protective, damage-repairing, and detoxifying functions; 2) coordinating photosynthesis and growth under repetitive stress; 3) re-adjusting osmotic and ionic equilibrium to maintain homeostasis; and 4) re-adjusting interactions between dehydration and other stress/hormone regulated pathways.ConclusionsThe results reveal the unknown, hitherto, existence of four distinct transcription memory response types in a plant and provide genome-wide characterization of memory and non-memory dehydration stress response genes in A.thaliana. The transcriptional responses during repeated exposures to stress are different from known responses occurring during a single exposure. GO analyses of encoded proteins suggested implications for the cellular/organismal protective, adaptive, and survival functions encoded by the memory genes. The results add a new dimension to our understanding of plants' responses to dehydration stress and to current models for interactions between different signaling systems when adjusting to repeated spells of water deficits.

Project description:Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a functionally diverse group of microbes having immense potential as biostimulants and stress alleviators. Their exploitation in agro-ecosystems as an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional chemical inputs may positively affect agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. The present study describes selected rhizobacteria, from a range of origins, having plant growth promoting potential under controlled conditions. A total of 98 isolates (ectophytic or endophytic) from various crop and uncultivated plants were screened, out of which four endophytes (n, L, K and Y) from Phalaris arundinacea, Solanum dulcamara, Scorzoneroides autumnalis, and Glycine max, respectively, were selected in vitro for their vegetative growth stimulating effects on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 seedlings with regard to leaf surface area and shoot fresh weight. A 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis of the strains indicated that these isolates belong to the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Mucilaginibacter and Rhizobium. Strains were then further tested for their effects on abiotic stress alleviation under both Petri-plate and pot conditions. Results from Petri-dish assay indicated strains L, K and Y alleviated salt stress in Arabidopsis seedlings, while strains K and Y conferred increases in fresh weight and leaf area under osmotic stress. Results from subsequent in vivo trials indicated all the isolates, especially strains L, K and Y, distinctly increased A. thaliana growth under both normal and high salinity conditions, as compared to control plants. The activity of antioxidant enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and peroxidase), proline content and total antioxidative capacity also differed in the inoculated A. thaliana plants. Furthermore, a study on spatial distribution of the four strains, using either conventional Petri-plate counts or GFP-tagged bacteria, indicated that all four strains were able to colonize the endosphere of A. thaliana root tissue. Thus, the study revealed that the four selected rhizobacteria are good candidates to be explored as plant growth stimulators, which also possess salt stress mitigating property, partially by regulating osmolytes and antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the study is the first report of Scorzoneroides autumnalis (fall dandelion) and Solanum dulcamara (bittersweet) associated endophytes with PGP effects.

Dataset Information

A gene encoding a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is induced by dehydration and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Publications

A gene encoding a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C is induced by dehydration and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.

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