Analytical interference in serum iron determination reveals iron versus gadolinium transmetallation with linear gadolinium-based contrast agents.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the risk for analytical interference with gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) for the colorimetric measurement of serum iron (Fe³?) and to investigate the mechanisms involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat serum was spiked with several concentrations of all molecular categories of GBCAs, ligands, or "free" soluble gadolinium (Gd³?). Serum iron concentration was determined by 2 different colorimetric methods at pH 4.0 (with a Vitros DT60 analyzer or a Cobas Integra 400 analyzer). Secondly, the cause of interference was investigated by (a) adding free soluble Gd³? or Mn²? to serum in the presence of gadobenic acid or gadodiamide and (b) electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Spurious decrease in serum Fe³? concentration was observed with all linear GBCAs (only with the Vitros DT60 technique occurring at pH 4.0) but not with macrocyclic GBCAs or with free soluble Gd³?. Spurious hyposideremia was also observed with the free ligands present in the pharmaceutical solutions of the linear GBCAs gadopentetic acid and gadodiamide (ie, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid and calcium-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid bismethylamide, respectively), suggesting the formation of Fe-ligand chelate.Gadobenic acid-induced interference was blocked in a concentration-dependent fashion by adding a free soluble Gd³? salt. Conversely, Mn²?, which has a lower affinity than Gd³? and Fe³? for the ligand of gadobenic acid (ie, benzyloxypropionic diethylenetriamine tetraacetic acid), was less effective (interference was only partially blocked), suggesting an Fe³? versus Gd³? transmetallation phenomenon at pH 4.0. Similar results were observed with gadodiamide. Mass spectrometry detected the formation of Fe-ligand with all linear GBCAs tested in the presence of Fe and the disappearance of Fe-ligand after the addition of free soluble Gd³?. No Fe-ligand chelate was found in the case of the macrocyclic GBCA gadoteric acid. CONCLUSIONS: Macrocyclic GBCAs induced no interference with colorimetric methods for iron determination, whereas negative interference was observed with linear GBCAs using a Vitros DT60 analyzer. This interference of linear GBCAs seems to be caused by the excess of ligand and/or an Fe³? versus Gd³? transmetallation phenomenon.
SUBMITTER: Fretellier N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4222799 | biostudies-other | 2014 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
ACCESS DATA