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Hepatitis C and kidney disease: An overview and approach to management.

ABSTRACT: Hepatitis C infection and chronic kidney disease are major health burden worldwide. Hepatitis C infection is associated with a wide range of extra-hepatic manifestations in various organs including the kidneys. A strong association between hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease has come to light. Hemodialysis in supporting the end stage renal disease patients unfortunately carries a risk for hepatitis C infection. Despite much improvement in the care of this group of patients, the prevalence of hepatitis C infection in hemodialysis patients is still higher than the general population. Hepatitis C infection has a negative effect on the survival of hemodialysis and renal transplant patients. Treatment of hepatitis C in end stage renal disease patients using conventional or pegylated interferon with or without ribavirin remains a clinical challenge with low response rate, high dropout rate due to poor tolerability and many unmet needs. The approval of new direct acting antiviral agents for hepatitis C may dramatically change the treatment approach in hepatitis C infected patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. However it remains to be confirmed if the newer Hepatitis C therapies are safe in individuals with severe renal impairment. This review article discusses the relationship between hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease, describe the various types of renal diseases associated with hepatitis C and the newer as well as the existing treatments for hepatitis C in the context of this subpopulation of hepatitis C patients.

SUBMITTER: Azmi AN

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4295197 | biostudies-other | 2015 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Hepatitis C and kidney disease: An overview and approach to management.

Azmi Ahmad Najib AN Tan Soek-Siam SS Mohamed Rosmawati R

World journal of hepatology 20150101 1

Hepatitis C infection and chronic kidney disease are major health burden worldwide. Hepatitis C infection is associated with a wide range of extra-hepatic manifestations in various organs including the kidneys. A strong association between hepatitis C and chronic kidney disease has come to light. Hemodialysis in supporting the end stage renal disease patients unfortunately carries a risk for hepatitis C infection. Despite much improvement in the care of this group of patients, the prevalence of ...[more]

PMID: 25624999

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Project description:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is highly prevalent among chronic kidney disease (CKD) subjects under hemodialysis and in kidney transplantation (KT) recipients, being an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. The vast majority of HCV chronic infections in the hemodialysis setting are currently attributable to nosocomial transmission. Acute and chronic hepatitis C exhibits distinct clinical and laboratorial features, which can impact on management and treatment decisions. In hemodialysis subjects, acute infections are usually asymptomatic and anicteric; since spontaneous viral clearance is very uncommon in this context, acute infections should be treated as soon as possible. In KT recipients, the occurrence of acute hepatitis C can have a more severe course, with a rapid progression of liver fibrosis. In these patients, it is recommended to use pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) in combination with ribavirin, with doses adjusted according to estimated glomerular filtration rate. There is no evidence suggesting that chronic hepatitis C exhibits a more aggressive course in CKD subjects under conservative management. In these subjects, indication of treatment with PEG-IFN plus ribavirin relies on the CKD stage, rate of progression of renal dysfunction and the possibility of a preemptive transplant. HCV infection has been associated with both liver disease-related deaths and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Among those individuals, low HCV viral loads and the phenomenon of intermittent HCV viremia are often observed, and sequential HCV RNA monitoring is needed. Despite the poor tolerability and suboptimal efficacy of antiviral therapy in CKD patients, many patients can achieve sustained virological response, which improve patient and graft outcomes. Hepatitis C eradication before KT theoretically improves survival and reduces the occurrence of chronic graft nephropathy, de novo glomerulonephritis and post-transplant diabetes mellitus.

Project description:BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) clinics across Canada provide tailored care for patients with CKD with an aim to slow progression and prevent complications. These clinics provide CKD self-management resources; however, there is limited information about what resources are being used by clinics. We undertook a survey of CKD clinics across Canada to identify self-management resources for adults aged 18 years and over with CKD categories 1 to 5 and not requiring dialysis or transplant.ObjectiveTo identify and collate self-management resources (eg, strategies, tools, educational materials) used by CKD clinics across Canada for adults with CKD (categories 1 to 5, not requiring kidney replacement therapy).DesignSelf-administered, semistructured electronic survey.Setting participantsCanadian CKD clinics with previously identified contact information.Methods and measurementsWe contacted 57 CKD English-speaking clinics and invited them to complete an online survey. The survey was available from October 2016 to January 2017 and consisted of 17 questions regarding the use and attributes of self-management resources including topic, delivery format, provider, target population, where the intervention was provided, and resource languages.ResultsForty-four clinics (77%) completed the survey. The most common topic was modality education provided in print format, by nurses. The most frequently used resource was the Kidney Foundation of Canada (KFOC) Living With Kidney Disease manual. We also identified that the majority of resources were available in English, targeting both patients and caregivers in the outpatient setting.LimitationsOur survey included Canadian adult CKD clinics, which may not be generalizability to other settings, such as care of people with CKD in primary care.ConclusionsAdult CKD clinics across Canada provide some similar resources, but also provide many different self-management resources. Even though some of the same resources were used by multiple clinics, the way they were provided them (ie, provider, location, delivery format) varied by the individual clinics. Knowledge of self-management resources currently provided in CKD clinics, along with synthesis of the literature and patient preferred self-management strategies, will inform the design and development of a novel self-management intervention that is patient-centric and adheres to the principles of self-management.

Project description:ContextA congenital solitary functioning kidney (cSFK) is a common developmental defect that predisposes to hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a consequence of hyperfiltration. Every urologist takes care of patients with a cSFK, since some will need lifelong urological care or will come with clinical problems or questions to an adult urologist later in life.ObjectiveWe aim to provide clear recommendations for the initial clinical management and follow-up of children with a cSFK.Evidence acquisitionPubMed and EMBASE were searched to identify relevant publications, which were combined with guidelines on related topics and expert opinion.Evidence synthesisInitially, cSFK diagnosis should be confirmed and risk factors for kidney injury should be identified using ultrasound. Although more research into early predictors of kidney injury is needed, additional congenital anomalies of the kidney or urinary tract and absence of compensatory kidney hypertrophy have repeatedly been associated with a worse prognosis. The role of voiding cystourethrography and antibiotic prophylaxis remains controversial, and is complicated by the exclusion of children with a cSFK from studies. A yearly follow-up for signs of kidney injury is recommended for children with a cSFK. As masked hypertension is prevalent, annual ambulatory blood pressure measurement should be considered. During puberty, an increasing incidence of kidney injury is seen, indicating that long-term follow-up is necessary. If signs of kidney injury are present, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are the first-line drugs of choice.ConclusionsThis overview points to the urological and medical clinical aspects and long-term care guidance for children with a cSFK, who are at risk of hypertension and CKD. Monitoring for signs of kidney injury is therefore recommended throughout life. Large, prospective studies with long-term follow-up of clearly defined cohorts are still needed to facilitate more risk-based and individualized clinical management.Patient summaryMany children are born with only one functioning kidney, which could lead to kidney injury later in life. Therefore, a kidney ultrasound is made soon after birth, and other investigations may be needed as well. Urologists taking care of patients with a solitary functioning kidney should realize the long-term clinical aspects, which might need medical management.

Project description:BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:We investigated the incidence of ESKD after surgical management of kidney cancer in the Australian state of Queensland, and described patterns in the initiation of kidney replacement therapy resulting from kidney cancer across Australia. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS:All newly diagnosed cases of kidney cancer in the Australian state of Queensland between January of 2009 and December of 2014 were ascertained through the Queensland Cancer Registry. There were 2739 patients included in our analysis. Patients who developed ESKD were identified using international classification of disease-10-coded hospital administrative data. Incidence rate and 3-year cumulative incidence were calculated, and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify factors associated with ESKD. Additional descriptive analysis was undertaken of Australian population data. RESULTS:The incidence rate of ESKD in all patients was 4.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.9 to 6.2) per 1000 patient-years. The 3-year cumulative incidence was 1.7%, 1.9%, and 1.0% for all patients, and patients managed with radical or partial nephrectomy, respectively. Apart from preoperative kidney disease, exposures associated with increased ESKD risk were age?65 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.2), male sex (aHR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.3), preoperative diabetes (aHR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.3), American Society of Anesthesiologists classification ?3 (aHR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.2 to 7.4), socioeconomic disadvantage (aHR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.9 to 2.7), and postoperative length of hospitalization ?6 days (aHR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4 to 3.0). Australia-wide trends indicate that the rate of kidney replacement therapy after oncologic nephrectomy doubled between 1995 and 2015, from 0.3 to 0.6 per 100,000 per year. CONCLUSIONS:In Queensland between 2009 and 2014, one in 53 patients managed with radical nephrectomy and one in 100 patients managed with partial nephrectomy developed ESKD within 3 years of surgery. PODCAST:This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2018_09_28_CJASNPodcast_18_1_.mp3.

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Hepatitis C and kidney disease: An overview and approach to management.

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Hepatitis C and kidney disease: An overview and approach to management.

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