Review on the Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Malaysian Clams.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Hossen MF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4427851 | biostudies-other | 2015
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:The general goal of this study was to measure the concentration of heavy metals on suspended particles and evaluate the health-risk assessment of these metals on human health. In this study, the concentration of heavy metals adsorbed on suspended particles less than 2.5 μm was determined. For determining of health-risk assessment, the developed method of USEPA was used. The health-risk assessment of carcinogen and non- carcinogen of suspended particles were evaluated in three main paths include oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. The average annual concentrations of Al, Fe, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn were 1.77, 1.14, 0.03, 0.02, 0.07, 0.15, 0.06, 0.03, 0.1, 0.04, and 0.14 μg/m3, respectively. Between different stations, the order for the heavy metals was followed as urban>traffic>suburban. The average risk of carcinogenic at urban stations in the spring for As, Cd, and Cr was 2.25*10-9, 2.09*10-12, and 2.05*10-11, respectively.
| S-EPMC5988319 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundHeavy metals are considered a global concern because they can deteriorate human health. This guideline aims to scientifically evaluate health risk of heavy metals in TCM and to propose a reference for decision making in developing TCM-related health policies.MethodsUsing a multidisciplinary approach, a steering committee oversaw the development of the guideline. To obtain a reasonable and accurate risk assessment, key exposure assessment parameters for TCM, e.g., exposure frequency (EF), exposure duration (ED), and daily ingestion rate (IR) were obtained from surveys. In addition, transfer rates for heavy metals from Chinese medicinal materials (CMM) to decoctions or preparations were examined.ResultsBased on the scientific theory of risk control, the guideline was designed systematically, and principles and procedures for the risk assessment of heavy metals in TCM were identified. The guideline can be utilized to assess the risk of heavy metals in CMM and Chinese patent medicines (CPM).ConclusionThis guideline may help standardize the risk assessment of heavy metals in TCM, advance regulatory standards for heavy metals in TCM, and ultimately improve human health through scientific TCM usage in clinic.
| S-EPMC10245643 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Considering the serious land-based pollution and the weak water exchange ability of western Laizhou Bay, it is essential to conduct an ecological risk assessment of the pollutants in this area. In this study, the ecological risk caused by heavy metals deposited in the surface sediments and those resuspended in the seawater of western Laizhou Bay was evaluated using probabilistic approaches. First, the concentrations of seven heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, in the surface sediments and seawater of western Laizhou Bay were detected during the spring and autumn of 2016. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb were found to be at levels comparable to those in the other global coastal systems, while those of Hg and Zn were lower than those in other coastal areas. Next, an ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediments was performed using a typical potential ecological risk index and refined by using a Monte Carlo simulation. The results suggested low risk for the heavy metals detected in the sediments of western Laizhou Bay, with the exception of Hg in September 2016, which showed a probability (0.03%) of moderate risk. Meanwhile, the aquatic ecological risk assessment of the heavy metals was performed by applying a combination of hazard quotient (HQ) and joint probability curve. While the ecological risk of Cd, Hg, and Pb was found to be acceptable, the HQs for Cr, Cu, and Zn were greater than 1, and the overall risk probability of their adverse effects was higher than 0.05, suggesting certain ecological risk. Specifically, in the case of As, the overall risk probability was lower than 0.05, suggesting that its ecological risk was acceptable, although its HQ was greater than 1. Thus, by applying the probabilistic approaches, the ecological risk of the heavy metals in western Laizhou Bay was better characterized in this study, avoiding both overestimation and underestimation of ecological risk.
| S-EPMC6417698 | biostudies-literature
Project description:As medicinal plants can accumulate harmful metals from the native soil, people's consumption of these materials may cause the human body to accumulate toxic metal elements. This has given rise to people's concerns about the quality and safety of Chinese medicinal materials. This research aims to determine the levels of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg and Pb in four medicinal plant species (Aster tataricus L.f., Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge, Radix Aucklandiae, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) and their native soil. All samples were collected from Qian'an city, beside Yanshan Mountain Range in Tangshan city, east Hebei Province, north China. The contents of heavy metals we detected in the soil conformed to the current limits. However, the Cd and Hg in the soil had a very high potential ecological risk because of their contents higher than the base level of local soil. The contents of Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb in some medicinal herbs exceeded the standards. The content of Cu in Radix Aucklandiae exceeded the standard by 3 times, and others exceeded the standard by less than one time. The comprehensive health risk assessment of heavy metals with chronic non-carcinogenic effects for human body showed that none of the four medicinal herbs can create a health risk. Thus, there is no strong positive correlation between heavy metal pollution in medicinal herbs and that in the native soil. Further research should be investigated to the connection between the heavy metal levels in the soil and plants, and the comprehensive effects of soil, air and irrigation water on heavy metal pollution of Chinese herbal medicines. We also recommend that Chinese herbal medicines should be cultivated and gathered only from controlled or uncontaminated areas.
| S-EPMC8169384 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Due to urbanization and industrialization, there has been an increase in solid waste generation and has become a global concern and leakage of leachate from landfills contaminate the soil and groundwater and hence can have a severe impact on human health. The present study aimed to determine the composition of toxic metals (Cr, Mn, Cu, As) and heavy metals (Cd, Ba, Hg, Pb) in soil and water by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). To ensure accuracy during the analysis of Cr, Mn, Cu, As, Cd, Ba, Hg, and Pb in real samples, certified reference material (CRM, SRM 2709a) of San Joaquin soil and water (SRM 1640a) were analyzed and results were presented in terms of % recovery studies. The mean concentration of all the metals in soil and water did not exceed the limit set by the European Community (EU), WHO, and US EPA except Cu where the permissible limit defined by the EU is 50-140 mg/kg in soil. The soil is uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with respect to all metals except the Cu and Pb. Among the average daily dose (ADD) of soil, ADDing and ADDinh for children had the maximum dose for all metals than adults while ADDderm was higher in adults. Hazard quotient (HQ) trend in both adults and children was found in order HQing > HQderm > HQinh of soil for all metals except Ba which followed HQing > HQinh > HQderm. Hazard index (HI) values of soil for Cr and Pb in children were 7 and 7.5 times higher than adults respectively. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) value for Cr by different exposure pathways of soil was 5.361 × 10-4 for children which are at the lower borderline of risk for cancer.
| S-EPMC8379239 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) is a famous and precious Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), while frequent reports of heavy metals, especially arsenic, exceeding standards in C. sinensis in recent years have raised concerns of its safety. Therefore, it is urgent for a research on heavy metals (Cu, Pb, As, Cd, Hg) in C. sinensis, of its bioaccessibility, dietary exposure estimation, arsenic speciation analysis and health risks assessment to human body.Three 30 g batches of mixed wild growth C. sinensis samples were collected from Qinghai Province and each batch were divided into three parts: the whole C. sinensis, the stroma and the caterpillar body. The in vitro gastrointestinal method was used to evaluate the bioaccessibility of the heavy metals in the samples. The arsenic speciation analysis in the in vitro gastrointestinal solutions and dilute nitric acid extracted solutions were conducted using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass (HPLC-ICP-MS) method. Finally, the target hazard quotient (THQ) developed by the US EPA (1989) was used to assess the health risks of heavy metals in C. sinensis.The contents of Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg in the stroma were higher than those in the caterpillar body. In contrast, As was mainly found in the caterpillar body. In the whole C. sinensis, the average bio-accessibilities of Cu, Pb, As, Hg and Cd were 41.29, 40.11, 64.46, 18.91, and 81.14%, respectively. While in the caterpillar body, the corresponding bio-accessibilities values were 48.26, 42.92, 66.15, 12.86, 87.07%, respectively, and were 38.30, 30.53, 30.18, 7.46, and 82.30%, respectively in the stroma part. Different arsenic speciations of arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)] and trace amounts of methylarsonic acid [MMA] were detected. Of the total As, 8.69% was in inorganic form, which was also the major form of dissolved As. Among the extracted inorganic species, the concentrations of As(III) and As(V) were 0.56?±?0.16 and 0.29?±?0.06 mg kg-1, respectively. In the gastrointestinal solutions, only As(III) and As(V) could be detected; the sum content of the two species was 2.00-2.73%. The bioaccessibility target hazard quotient (BTHQ) values for Cu, Pb, As, Cd and Hg in C. sinensis were 0.0041, 0.0040, 0.5334, 0.0020 and 0.0005, respectively, all less than 1.None of the five heavy metals in C. sinensis can be 100% absorbed by human body. The content of arsenic in C. sinensis is high, but the strong toxic inorganic arsenic accounted for only 8.69%. The heavy metals in C. sinensis presented no obvious risks to human health in a reasonable taking way.
| S-EPMC6069848 | biostudies-other
Project description:In the informal sector of Nigeria's economy, jobs are done manually as against automation resulting in body stress and pain, hence the need for painkiller drugs. Thirty different locally manufactured painkiller drugs, with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects, were randomly sampled from pharmaceutical shops within Awka in October 2016. The drugs were pulverised, sieved and ashed before digestion using conc aqua regia HCl : HNO3 (3:1), carcinogenic heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, nicked and lead) were assayed using Varian AA240 atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Risk assessment was carried out using US EPA model. The highest levels of arsenic (0.350?mg/kg) were found in samples with code 01, 03 and 020, cadmium (0.107?mg/kg and 0.144?mg/kg) were in samples code 013 and 028, and samples 03 and 011 had chromium levels as 6.637?mg/kg and 5.298?mg/kg. Highest value of mercury (0.470?mg/kg) was in sample code 01. All the painkiller drugs have nickel in the range of 0.046-0.448?mg/kg while highest values of lead were in sample code 05, 025 and 029 as 2.47?mg/kg, 1.11?mg/kg and 1.16?mg/kg. Non-cancer risk ranged as As (Nd -1.60?×?10-3), Cd (Nd-1.97?×?10-4), Cr (Nd-6.06?×?10-6), Hg (Nd-2.15?×?10-4), Ni (9.93?×?10-6-3.34?×?10-5) and Pb (Nd-4.36?×?10-4) while the cancer risk were As (Nd-1.63?×?10-7), Cd (Nd-4.45?×?10-9), Cr (Nd-1.56?×?10-7), Hg (Nd -1.53?×?10-9), Ni (1.50?×?10-10 -1.46?×?10-9) and Pb (Nd-8.82?×?10-9). The total cancer risk (TCR) and total non-cancer risk (TNCR) for all the heavy metals were in the range of 7.21?×?10-13-1.25?×?10-10 and 1.51?×?10-7-5.56?×?10-5 respectively. The TCR was below 1?×?10-6 -1?×?10-4 range while TNCR for heavy metals was below 1; the values established by US EPA. In conclusion, continuous consumption of locally Nigerian made painkiller drugs may expose the subjects to heavy metal toxicity.
| S-EPMC7547146 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Heavy metal pollution of river freshwater environments currently raises significant concerns due to the toxic effects and the fact that heavy metal behavior is not fully understood. This study assessed the contamination level of eight heavy metals and trace elements (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) in the surface sediments of 19 sites in 2018 during four periods (March, May, June, and October) in Olt River sediments. Multivariate statistical techniques were used, namely, one-way ANOVA, person product-moment correlation analysis, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, and sediment quality indicators such as the contamination factor and pollution load index. The results demonstrated higher contents of Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg, with values that were over 2.46, 4.40, 1.15, 8.28, 1.10, 1.53, and 3.71 times more, respectively, compared with the national quality standards for sediments. We observed a positive significant statistical correlation (p < 0.001) in March between elevation and Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Zn and a negative correlation between Pb and elevation (p = 0.08). Intermetal associations were observed only in March, indicating a relationship with river discharge from spring. The PCA sustained mainly anthropogenic sources of heavy metals, which were also identified through correlation and cluster analyses. We noted significant differences between the Cr and Pb population means and variances (p < 0.001) for the data measured in March, May, June, and October. The contamination factor indicated that the pollution level of heavy metals was high and significant for As at 15 of the 19 sites. The pollution load index showed that over 89% of the sites were polluted by metals to various degrees during the four periods investigated. Our results improve the knowledge of anthropogenic versus natural origins of heavy metals in river surface sediments, which is extremely important in assessing environmental and human health risks and beneficial for decision-maker outcomes for national freshwater management plans.
| S-EPMC8766583 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundSoil pollution by heavy metals in urban areas is of major concern to city planners and policy makers because of the potential threat to human health. Hence, an investigation of soil pollution is crucial to urban environmental assessment and management.ObjectiveTo determine the spatial distribution and health risk assessment of seven heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) around Ijebu-ode, southwest Nigeria.MethodsSurface soil samples were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn levels using standard procedures. Geographic information system (GIS) data, pollution indices (enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index), and the health risk assessment model, respectively, were used to analyze the spatial distribution, pollution level, and potential health risk of heavy metals.ResultsLow pH was observed in the urban soils. The average concentrations of the seven heavy metals investigated were in order of Zn > Pb > Mn > Cu > Cd > Ni > Cr. There was high spatial variation in the distribution patterns of the heavy metals. The cancer risks for Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn for children (1.50 × 10-3 - 2.71 × 10-2) and Mn, Pb, and Zn for adults (7.89 × 10-4 - 2.97 × 10-3) were higher than the acceptable range of 1 × 10-6 - 1 × 10-4.ConclusionsAnthropogenic activities from different urban land uses contribute to the pollution levels and spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils. Increasing pollution of urban soil may contribute to the occurrence of some health risk for residents in the study area.Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing financial interests.
| S-EPMC6555248 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Wetlands are recognized as one of the most important natural environments for humans. At the same time, heavy metal pollution has an important impact on wetlands. China's Raoyanghe Wetland is one of the most important natural wild species gene banks in China. Eight heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in surface layer and deep layer soils were analyzed using statistical-, pollution index-, and Nemerow index-based methods, the Hakanson potential ecological risk index method, and principal component and cluster analyses. The results showed that the maximum concentrations of heavy metals exceeded the background values in the core area and buffer zone of the wetland, but the heavy metal content of the soils was generally low and did not exceed 30%. With the exception of Hg, heavy metal concentrations showed strong spatial differentiation. The differences between the surface layer and deep layer soils of the core area were smaller than in the buffer zone. With the exception of Cd, a clear vertical zonation in the buffer zone soils was observed, showing greater evidence of external influences in this zone than the core. With the exception of partial surface soils, which indicated a safe level of pollution in the core area, all other soils were classified as having a 'mild' level of pollution. Thus, the wetland is moderately polluted, with both the core area and the buffer zone presenting a low level of potential ecological risk. According to the results of the present study, heavy metal contaminants in the wetland soils were found to be derived mainly from the natural sources.
| S-EPMC6688808 | biostudies-literature