Clinical Presentation, Imaging, and Management of Complications due to Neurointerventional Procedures.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Davis MC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4447869 | biostudies-other | 2015 Jun
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Vascular interventional radiology procedures are relatively safe compared with analogous surgical procedures, with overall major complication rates of less than 1%. However, major vascular injuries resulting from these procedures may lead to significant morbidity and mortality. This review will discuss the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of vascular complications related to percutaneous vascular interventions. Early recognition of these complications and familiarity with treatment options are essential skills for the interventional radiologist.
| S-EPMC4447873 | biostudies-other
Project description:Background and purposeGood CTA collaterals independently predict good outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Our aim was to evaluate the role of collateral circulation and its added benefit over CTP-derived total ischemic volume as a predictor of baseline NIHSS score, total ischemic volume, hemorrhagic transformation, final infarct size, and a modified Rankin Scale score >2.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective study of 395 patients with stroke dichotomized by recanalization (recanalization positive/recanalization negative) and collateral status. Clot burden score was quantified on baseline CTA. Total ischemic volumes were derived from thresholded CTP maps. Final infarct size was assessed on follow-up CT/MRI. We performed uni-/multivariate analyses for each outcome, adjusting for rtPA status, using general linear (continuous variables) and logistic (binary variables) regression. Model comparison with collateral score and total ischemic volume was performed using the F or likelihood ratio test.ResultsCollateral presence independently and inversely predicted all outcomes except hemorrhagic transformation in patients who were recanalization negative and mRS >2 in patients who were recanalization positive. The greatest collateral benefit occurred in patients who were recanalization negative, contributing 16.5% and 19.2% of the variability for final infarct size and mRS >2. The collateral score model is superior to the total ischemic volume for mRS >2 prediction, but a combination of total ischemic volume and collateral score is superior for mRS >2 and final infarct prediction (24% and 28% variability, respectively). In patients who were recanalization positive, a model including collateral score and total ischemic volume was superior to that of total ischemic volume for hemorrhagic transformation and final infarct prediction but was muted compared with patients who were recanalization negative (11.3% and 16.9% variability).ConclusionsCollateral circulation is an independent predictor of all outcomes, but the magnitude of significance varies, greater in patients who were recanalization negative versus recanalization positive. Total ischemic volume assessment is complementary to collateral score in many cases.
| S-EPMC7964273 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Image-guided interventions have allowed for minimally invasive treatment of many common diseases, obviating the need for open surgery. While percutaneous interventions usually represent a safer approach than traditional surgical alternatives, complications do arise nonetheless. Inadvertent injury to blood vessels represents one of the most common types of complications, and its affect can range from inconsequential to catastrophic. The interventional radiologist must be prepared to manage hemorrhagic risks from percutaneous interventions. This manuscript discusses this type of iatrogenic injury, as well as preventative measures and treatments for postintervention bleeding.
| S-EPMC4447883 | biostudies-other
Project description:BackgroundNocardial brain abscesses are rare, and published literature describing brain abscesses due to Nocardia species is limited to individual case reports or small series. We report one of the largest contemporary retrospective studies describing risk factors, diagnostic evaluation, management, and outcomes of nocardial brain abscess.MethodsRetrospective review of all adults with brain abscess due to culture-confirmed Nocardia species at our institution between January 1, 2009, and June 30, 2020.ResultsOverall, 24 patients had nocardial brain abscesses during the study period. The median age at presentation was 64 years, and 62.5% were immunocompromised. Pulmonary and cutaneous infections were the most common primary sites of nocardial infection. All 24 patients had magnetic resonance imaging performed, and the frontal lobe was the most commonly involved. The most common organism isolated was Nocardia farcinica, followed by Nocardia wallacei and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. Thirteen patients were managed with antimicrobial therapy alone, while 11 had both medical and surgical management. In all patients, dual therapy was recommended for the initial 6 weeks of treatment, and 22 patients received at least 1 oral agent as part of their final antibiotic regimen, predominantly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and linezolid. Fourteen patients achieved complete clinical and radiographic resolution of infection.ConclusionsNocardia is an important cause of brain abscess in the immunocompromised host. Early diagnostic and therapeutic aspiration may help health care providers confirm the diagnosis, choose an appropriate antimicrobial regimen, and achieve source control.
| S-EPMC8026153 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLimited data is available addressing gastrointestinal (GI) ischemia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We reviewed the clinical and radiologic features of GI ischemia and its related complications in thirty-one COVID-19 patients reported in literature.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed using a search strategy on all studies published from January 1, 2020, to June 13, 2020, and updated on September 6, 2020, on databases from PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Every study with at least one presentation of COVID-19-related GI ischemia complication and one GI imaging finding was included.ResultsIn total, twenty-two studies and thirty-one patients with the mean age of 59 ± 12.7 (age range: 28-80) years old were included, of which 23 (74.2%) patients were male, 7 (22.5%) female, and one unknown gender. The significant GI imaging findings include mesenteric arterial or venous thromboembolism, followed by small bowel ischemia. Nine patients (29%) presented with arterial compromise due to superior mesenteric thromboembolism, resulting in bowel ischemia. Also, 6 patients (19.3%) demonstrated occlusive thrombosis of the portal system and superior mesenteric vein. More than two-thirds of patients (20, 64.5%) required laparotomy and bowel resection. Eventually, five (16.1%) patients were discharged, of whom four cases (12.9%) readmitted. Five (16.1%) patients remained ICU hospitalized at the report time and 12 (38.7%) patients died.ConclusionMacrovascular arterial/venous thrombosis is identified in almost half of COVID-19 patients with bowel ischemia. Overall mortality in COVID-19 patients with GI ischemia and radiologically evident mesenteric thrombotic occlusion was 38.7% and 40%, retrospectively.
| S-EPMC7837247 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Lentigo maligna (LM) is a type of melanoma in situ that has distinctive characteristics regarding epidemiology, risk factors and clinical features. In addition, LM has a potential to progress to an invasive tumor with potentially aggressive behavior: lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM). Overall, LM has a very good prognosis, whereas LMM has the same prognosis as other invasive melanomas with similar Breslow thickness. LM/LMM represents a challenging entity not only regarding the diagnosis but also regarding the management. Diagnostic criteria are not well established, and there is an overlap of clinical, dermoscopic and pathological features with other benign pigmented skin lesions such as lentigines, pigmented actinic keratoses or macular seborrheic keratoses. LM/LMM's common appearance within photodamaged skin makes lesion border identification difficult. Wide excisions are often required, but since LM/LMM typically appears on cosmetically sensitive areas such as the face, sometimes large excisions are not possible nor desirable. In this sense, specialized approaches have been developed such as margin-controlled surgery or image-guided treatment using reflectance confocal microscopy. Other treatments for LM such as cryosurgery, imiquimod, radiotherapy or photodynamic therapy have been proposed, although recurrence/persistence is common. The current manuscript reviews extensively the published data regarding the diagnosis, treatment and management of both complex entities LM and LMM.
| S-EPMC7671473 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common peripheral nerve compression seen by hand surgeons. A thorough understanding of the ulnar nerve anatomy and common sites of compression are required to determine the cause of the neuropathy and proper treatment. Recognizing the various clinical presentations of ulnar nerve compression can guide the surgeon to choose examination tests that aid in localizing the site of compression. Diagnostic studies such as radiographs and electromyography can aid in diagnosis. Conservative management with bracing is typically trialed first. Surgical decompression with or without ulnar nerve transposition is the mainstay of surgical treatment. This article provides a review of the ulnar nerve anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, and treatment options for management of cubital tunnel syndrome.
| S-EPMC6104141 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Pleural disease is common and often requires procedural intervention. Given this prevalence, pleural procedures are performed by a wide range of providers with varying skill level in both medical and surgical specialties. Even though the overall complication rate of pleural procedures is low, the proximity to vital organs and blood vessels can lead to serious complications which if left unrecognized can be life threatening. As a result, it is of the utmost importance for the provider to have a firm grasp of the local anatomy both conceptually when preparing for the procedure and physically, via physical exam and the use of a real time imaging modality such as ultrasound, when performing the procedure. With this in mind, anyone who wishes to safely perform pleural procedures should be able to appropriately anticipate, quickly identify, and efficiently manage any potential complication including not only those seen with many procedures such as pain, bleeding, and infection but also those specific to procedures performed in the thorax such as pneumothorax, re-expansional pulmonary edema, and regional organ injury. In this article, we will review the basic approach to most pleural procedures along with essential local anatomy most often encountered during these procedures. This will lay the foundation for the remainder of the article where we will discuss clinical manifestations and management of various pleural procedure complications.
| S-EPMC8411187 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo describe outcomes and complications in the drowning subgroup from the Therapeutic Hypothermia After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Out-of-Hospital trial.DesignExploratory post hoc cohort analysis.SettingTwenty-four PICUs.PatientsPediatric drowning cases.InterventionsTherapeutic hypothermia versus therapeutic normothermia.Measurements and main resultsAn exploratory study of pediatric drowning from the Therapeutic Hypothermia After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Out-of-Hospital trial was conducted. Comatose patients aged more than 2 days and less than 18 years were randomized up to 6 hours following return-of-circulation to hypothermia (n = 46) or normothermia (n = 28). Outcomes assessed included 12-month survival with a Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale score of greater than or equal to 70, 1-year survival rate, change in Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II score from prearrest to 12 months, and select safety measures. Seventy-four drowning cases were randomized. In patients with prearrest Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II greater than or equal to 70 (n = 65), there was no difference in 12-month survival with Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II score of greater than or equal to 70 between hypothermia and normothermia groups (29% vs 17%; relative risk, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.61-4.95; p = 0.27). Among all evaluable patients (n = 68), the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale-II score change from baseline to 12 months did not differ (p = 0.46), and 1-year survival was similar (49% hypothermia vs 42%, normothermia; relative risk, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.68-1.99; p = 0.58). Hypothermia was associated with a higher prevalence of positive bacterial culture (any blood, urine, or respiratory sample; 67% vs 43%; p = 0.04); however, the rate per 100 days at risk did not differ (11.1 vs 8.4; p = 0.46). Cumulative incidence of blood product use, serious arrhythmias, and 28-day mortality were not different. Among patients with cardiopulmonary resuscitation durations more than 30 minutes or epinephrine doses greater than 4, none had favorable Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category outcomes (≤ 3).ConclusionsIn comatose survivors of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest due to drowning, hypothermia did not result in a statistically significant benefit in survival with good functional outcome or mortality at 1 year, as compared with normothermia. High risk of culture-proven bacterial infection was observed in both groups.
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Project description:Migraine is a leading cause of disability worldwide. A minority of individuals with migraine develop resistant or refractory conditions characterised by ≥ 8 monthly days of debilitating headaches and inadequate response, intolerance, or contraindication to ≥3 or all preventive drug classes, respectively. Resistant and refractory migraine are emerging clinical definitions stemming from better knowledge of the pathophysiology of migraine and from the advent of migraine-specific preventive treatments. Resistant migraine mostly results from drug failures, while refractory migraine has complex and still unknown mechanisms that impair the efficacy of preventive treatments. Individuals with resistant migraine can be treated with migraine-specific preventive drugs. The management of refractory migraine is challenging and often unsuccessful, being based on combinations of different drugs and non-pharmacological treatment. Future research should aim to identify individuals at risk of developing treatment failures, prevent the condition, investigate the mechanisms of refractoriness to treatments, and find effective treatment strategies.
| S-EPMC10788408 | biostudies-literature