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Administration of Danhong Injection to diabetic db/db mice inhibits the development of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy.

ABSTRACT: Danhong Injection (DHI), a Chinese medicine for treatment of patients with coronary heart disease, inhibits primary abdominal aortic aneurysms in apoE deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Formation of microaneurysms plays an important role in the development of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. It remains unknown if DHI can reduce these diabetic complications. In this study, diabetic db/db mice in two groups were injected with saline and DHI, respectively, for 14 weeks. Blood and tissue samples were collected to determine serum glucose, lipids and tissue structure. DHI reduced diabetes-induced body weight gain, serum cholesterol and glucose levels. In retinas, DHI blocked the shrink of whole retina and retinal sub-layers by inhibiting expression of caspase 3, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, accumulation of carbohydrate macromolecules and formation of acellular capillaries. DHI improved renal functions by inhibiting mesangial matrix expansion, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, fibronectin and advanced glycation end products in kidneys. Mechanistically, DHI induced expression of glucokinase, AMPKα/phosphorylated AMPKα, insulin receptor substrate 1, fibroblast growth factor 21 and peroxisome proliferator-activated γ. Expression of genes responsible for energy expenditure was also activated by DHI. Therefore, DHI inhibits diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy by ameliorating glucose metabolism and demonstrates a potential application in clinics.

SUBMITTER: Liu M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4462147 | biostudies-other | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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MicroRNA-29b inhibits diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice.

Project description:Inflammation and its consequent fibrosis are two main features of diabetic nephropathy (DN), but target therapy on these processes for DN remains yet ineffective. We report here that miR-29b is a novel therapeutic agent capable of inhibiting progressive renal inflammation and fibrosis in type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. Under diabetic conditions, miR-29b was largely downregulated in response to advanced glycation end (AGE) product, which was associated with upregulation of collagen matrix in mesangial cells via the transforming growth factor-? (TGF-?)/Smad3-dependent mechanism. These pathological changes were reversed by overexpressing miR-29b, but enhanced by knocking-down miR-29b. Similarly, loss of renal miR-29b was associated with progressive diabetic kidney injury, including microalbuminuria, renal fibrosis, and inflammation. Restored renal miR-29b by the ultrasound-based gene therapy was capable of attenuating diabetic kidney disease. Further studies revealed that inhibition of Sp1 expression, TGF-?/Smad3-dependent renal fibrosis, NF-?B-driven renal inflammation, and T-bet/Th1-mediated immune response may be mechanisms associated with miR-29b treatment in db/db mice. In conclusion, miR-29b may play a protective role in diabetic kidney disease and may have therapeutic potential for diabetic kidney complication.

| S-EPMC3982502 | biostudies-literature

Urocortin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in obese db/db mice.

Project description:BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hyperglycaemia induces overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in endothelial cells, which is believed to be a major molecular mechanism underlying complications of diabetes, including diabetic nephropathy. Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation is found in type 2 diabetes. Urocortin is a 40 amino-acid peptide related to the corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) family, which suppresses production of ROS in endothelial cells and sustains endothelium-dependent relaxations of rat coronary artery. However, it is not clear if urocortin has any effect on diabetic nephropathy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Possible mechanisms underlying the effects of urocortin on diabetic nephropathy were investigated in db/db mice and cultured rat mesangial cells. KEY RESULTS: Urocortin decreased body weight, plasma levels of advanced glycation end-products, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. However, food intake, plasma insulin and glucose levels remained unaffected. Superoxide dismutase activity was increased markedly, whereas malonaldehyde levels in kidney homogenate and sorbitol concentrations in red blood cells were decreased significantly in urocortin-treated mice. Urocortin significantly decreased glomerular extracellular matrix expansion and accumulation in kidney. Moreover, urocortin inhibited the overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 and connective tissue growth factor in rat mesangial cells induced by 25 mM glucose. All the effects of urocortin, except sorbitol accumulation, were abolished by the non-selective CRF receptor blocker, astressin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Urocortin could significantly ameliorate diabetic nephropathy and this effect was mediated via the CRF receptor.

| S-EPMC2451047 | biostudies-other

Mycophenolate Mofetil Ameliorates Diabetic Nephropathy in db/db Mice.

Project description:Chronic low-grade inflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of diabetic complication. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has an anti-inflammatory effect, inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation. Previous studies showed attenuation of diabetic nephropathy with MMF, but the underlying mechanisms were unclear. This study aimed to identify the effect of MMF on diabetic nephropathy and investigate its action mechanisms in type 2 diabetic mice model. Eight-week-old db/db and control mice (db/m mice) received vehicle or MMF at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks. MMF-treated diabetic mice showed decreased albuminuria, attenuated mesangial expansion, and profibrotic mRNA expressions despite the high glucose level. The number of infiltrated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the kidney was significantly decreased in MMF-treated db/db mice and it resulted in attenuating elevated intrarenal TNF-α and IL-17. The renal chemokines expression and macrophages infiltration were also attenuated by MMF treatment. The decreased expression of glomerular nephrin and WT1 was recovered with MMF treatment. MMF prevented the progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice independent of glycemic control. These results suggest that the effects of MMF in diabetic nephropathy are mediated by CD4(+) T cell regulation and related cytokines.

| S-EPMC4539432 | biostudies-literature

diabetic nephropathy streptozotocin db db

Project description:diabetes, mouse models, diabetic nephropathy, streptozotocin db/db Keywords: other

2004-01-20 | GSE710 | GEO

NFAT2 inhibitor ameliorates diabetic nephropathy and podocyte injury in db/db mice.

Project description:Background and purposePodocyte injury plays a key role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). We have recently shown that 11R-VIVIT, an inhibitor of cell-permeable nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), attenuates podocyte apoptosis induced by high glucose in vitro. However, it is not known whether 11R-VIVIT has a protective effect on DN, especially podocyte injury, under in vivo diabetic conditions. Hence, we examined the renoprotective effects of 11R-VIVIT in diabetic db/db mice and the possible mechanisms underlying its protective effects on podocyte injury in vivo and in vitro.Experimental approachType 2 diabetic db/db mice received i.p. injections of 11R-VIVIT (1 mg·kg(-1)) three times a week and were killed after 8 weeks. Immortalized mouse podocytes were cultured under different experimental conditions.Key results11R-VIVIT treatment markedly attenuated the albuminuria in diabetic db/db mice and also alleviated mesangial matrix expansion and podocyte injury. However, body weight, food and water intake, and glucose levels were unaffected. It also attenuated the increased NFAT2 activation and enhanced urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPA receptor) expression in glomerulor podocytes. In cultured podocytes, the increased nuclear accumulation of NFAT2 and uPA receptor expression induced by high glucose treatment was prevented by 11R-VIVIT or NFAT2-knockdown; this was accompanied by improvements in the filtration barrier function of the podocyte monolayer.Conclusions and implicationsThe NFAT inhibitor 11R-VIVIT might be a useful therapeutic strategy for protecting podocytes and treating DN. The calcinerin/NFAT2/uPA receptor signalling pathway should be exploited as a therapeutic target for protecting podocytes from injury in DN.

| S-EPMC3834765 | biostudies-literature

Dietary Leucine Supplement Ameliorates Hepatic Steatosis and Diabetic Nephropathy in db/db Mice.

Project description:Dietary leucine supplementation has been explored for the therapeutic intervention of obesity and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunctions. In this study, we aim to examine the effects of dietary leucine supplementation in db/db mice. Mice were treated with or without leucine (1.5% w/v) in drinking water for 12 weeks. The leucine supplement was found to reduce insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in db/db mice. Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based lipidomics, we found that the reduction of hepatic triglyceride synthesis was correlated with attenuated development of fatty liver. In addition, diabetic nephropathy (DN) was also ameliorated by leucine. Using liquid chromatography?time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF MS)-based urine metabolomics analysis, we found that the disturbance of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle was reversed by leucine. The beneficial effects of leucine were probably due to AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in the liver and kidneys of db/db mice. Thus, dietary leucine supplementation may potentially be a nutritional intervention to attenuate hepatic steatosis and early DN in type II diabetes.

| S-EPMC6073714 | biostudies-literature

Adiponectin retards the progression of diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice by counteracting angiotensin II.

Project description:Adiponectin is a multifunctional adipokine with insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory, and vasoprotective properties. Epidemiology studies have, however, shown that high levels of serum adiponectin are associated with kidney disease progression. We, therefore, examined the effect of adiponectin administration on the progression of glomerulosclerosis in the obese diabetic (db/db) mouse, a model of type II diabetes. Recombinant human adiponectin was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 30 or 150 ?g per day from weeks 18 to 20. Rosiglitazone administered by gavage at 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) daily served as a therapeutic control. Untreated uninephrectomized db/db mice developed progressive albuminuria and glomerular matrix expansion, associated with increased expression of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF?1), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), collagen I (Col I), and fibronectin (FN). Treatment with adiponectin at either dose reduced the increases in albuminuria and markers of renal fibrosis seen in db/db mice, without affecting BW and blood glucose. Renal expressions of tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and urinary TNF-? levels, the markers of renal inflammation, were increased in diabetic mice, whereas adiponectin treatment significantly reduced the levels of these markers. Furthermore, adiponectin obliterated the stimulatory effects of angiotensin II (Ang II), but not the total effect of TGF?1, on the mRNA expression of PAI-1, Col I, and FN by cultured glomerular mesangial cells. These observations suggest that adiponectin treatment reduces glomerulosclerosis resulting from type II diabetes probably through its anti-inflammatory and angiotensin-antagonistic effects. Thus, adiponectin has therapeutic implications in the prevention of progression of diabetic nephropathy.

| S-EPMC3966238 | biostudies-literature

MiR-30c protects diabetic nephropathy by suppressing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in db/db mice.

Project description:Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a significant role in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. Thus, identifying the mechanisms of EMT activation could be meaningful. In this study, loss of miR-30c accompanied with increased EMT was observed in renal tubules of db/db mice and cultured HK2 cells exposed to high glucose. To further explore the roles of miR-30c in EMT and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, recombinant adeno-associated viral vector was applied to manipulate the expression of miR-30c. In vivo study showed that overexpression of miR-30c suppressed EMT, attenuated renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and reduced proteinuria, serum creatinine, and BUN levels. In addition, Snail1 was identified as a direct target of miR-30c by Ago2 co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter, and Western blot assays. Downregulating Snail1 by siRNA reduced high glucose-induced EMT in HK2 cells, and miR-30c mimicked the effects. Moreover, miR-30c inhibited Snail1-TGF-?1 axis in tubular epithelial cells undergoing EMT and thereby impeded the release of TGF-?1; oppositely, knockdown of miR-30c enhanced the secretion of TGF-?1 from epitheliums and significantly promoted proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrogenesis of myofibroblasts, aggravated tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and dysfunction of diabetic nephropathy. These results suggest a protective role of miR-30c against diabetic nephropathy by suppressing EMT via inhibiting Snail1-TGF-?1 pathway.

| S-EPMC5334541 | biostudies-literature

Astragaloside IV ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome‑mediated inflammation.

Project description:Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a primary cause of end‑stage renal disease. Despite the beneficial effects of astragaloside IV (AS)‑IV on renal disease, the underlying mechanism of its protective effects against DN has not been fully determined. The aims of the present study were to assess the effects of AS‑IV against DN in db/db mice and to explore the mechanism of AS‑IV involving the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), caspase‑1 and interleukin (IL)‑1β pathways. The 8‑week‑old db/db mice received 40 mg/kg AS‑IV once a day for 12 weeks via intragastric administration. Cultured mouse podocytes were used to further confirm the underlying mechanism in vitro. AS‑IV effectively reduced weight gain, hyperglycemia and the serum triacylglycerol concentration in db/db mice. AS‑IV also reduced urinary albumin excretion, urinary albumin‑to‑creatinine ratio and creatinine clearance rate, as well as improved renal structural changes, accompanied by the upregulation of the podocyte markers podocin and synaptopodin. AS‑IV significantly inhibited the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase‑1 and IL‑1β in the renal cortex, and reduced the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1. In high glucose‑induced podocytes, AS‑IV significantly improved the expression levels of NLRP3, pro‑caspase‑1 and caspase‑1, and inhibited the cell viability decrease in a dose‑dependent manner, while NLRP3 overexpression eliminated the effect of AS‑IV on podocyte injury and the inhibition of the NLRP3 and caspase‑1 pathways. The data obtained from in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that AS‑IV ameliorated renal functions and podocyte injury and delayed the development of DN in db/db mice via anti‑NLRP3 inflammasome‑mediated inflammation.

| S-EPMC8262660 | biostudies-literature

Tangshen Formula Attenuates Diabetic Nephropathy by Promoting ABCA1-Mediated Renal Cholesterol Efflux in db/db Mice.

Project description:The commonly prescribed Tangshen Formula (TSF) is a traditional Chinese formulation that has been shown to reduce plasma lipid metabolism and proteinuria and improve the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in patients with diabetic kidney disease. This study investigated the underlying mechanism whereby TSF regulates renal lipid accumulation and ameliorates diabetic renal injuries in spontaneous diabetic db/db mice and in vitro in sodium palmitate (PA)-stimulated and Abca1-SiRNA-transfected mouse tubular epithelial cells (mTECs). The results revealed that TSF treatment significantly ameliorated the renal injuries by lowering urinary albumin excretion and improving renal tissue injuries in diabetic (db/db) mice. Interestingly, the treatment with TSF also resulted in decreased cholesterol levels in the renal tissues of db/db mice, which was associated with increased expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? coactivator 1-? (PGC-1?), the Liver X receptors (LXR), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), suggesting that TSF might attenuate diabetic kidney injury via a mechanism associated with improving cholesterol efflux in the diabetic kidney. This was investigated in vitro in mTECs, and the results showed that TSF reduced the PA-stimulated cholesterol accumulation in mTECs. Mechanistically, the addition of TSF was capable of reversing PA-induced downregulation of PGC-1?, LXR, and ABCA1 expression and cholesterol accumulation in mTECs, suggesting that TSF might act the protection via the PGC-1?-LXR-ABCA1 pathway to improve the cholesterol efflux in the renal tissues of db/db mice. This was further confirmed by silencing ABCA1 to block the promotive effect of TSF on cholesterol efflux in vitro. In conclusion, TSF might ameliorate diabetic kidney injuries by promoting ABCA1-mediated renal cholesterol efflux.

| S-EPMC5897509 | biostudies-literature

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