Prevention of enamel demineralization with a novel fluoride strip: enamel surface composition and depth profile.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lee BS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4543969 | biostudies-other | 2015
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Due to gingival recession both enamel and root dentine are at risk of developing caries. Both tissues are exposed to a similar environment, however there is not a validated model to evaluate the effect of fluoride on these dental substrates simultaneously. Hence, this study aimed to validate a caries model to evaluate the effect of fluoride to prevent demineralization on enamel and root-dentine. Streptococcus mutans UA159 biofilms were formed on saliva-coated bovine enamel and root dentine slabs (n = 12 per group) mounted in the same well of culture plates. The biofilms were exposed 8×/day to 10% sucrose and treated 2×/day with fluoridated solutions containing 0, 150, 450, or 1,350 ppm F; thus, simulating the use of low to high fluoride concentration toothpastes. The pH values of the culture medium was monitored 2×/day as a biofilm acidogenicity indicator. After 96 h, biofilms were collected for fluoride concentration analysis. The percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL) was calculated for slabs. The fluoride uptake by the enamel and dentine was also determined. The model showed a dose-response because the biofilm and fluoride uptake increased and %SHL decreased at increasing fluoride concentrations (p < 0.05). Fluoride in the biofilm formed on dentine and fluoride uptake by dentine were higher than those for enamel. With the same fluoride concentration treatment, the percentage of reduction of demineralization was lower for dentine than for enamel. In conclusion, the model was validated in terms of a dose-response effect of fluoride on enamel and root dentine. Furthermore, the findings support the clinical data, suggesting that higher fluoride concentrations are necessary to control caries of root dentine than of enamel.
| S-EPMC4712139 | biostudies-literature
Project description:An experimental dentifrice containing nano-silver fluoride (NSF) and a sodium fluoride (NaF) toothpaste were tested in vitro, against S. mutans, to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), antiadherence, antiacid, enamel microhardness, and OCT. The microdilution technique was used to determine the MIC and MBC. Fragments of deciduous enamel were treated with dentifrice slurries, containing bacterial suspension and PBS-treated saliva. The quantification of the microorganisms that adhered to the enamel was determined after 24 hours of incubation, and media pH readings were performed after 2 hours and 24 hours. Deciduous teeth were evaluated for microhardness and OCT during 14 days of pH cycling. Data were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA, and Tukey tests at 5% of significance. Dentifrices containing NSF presented a lower MIC and higher statistically significant results compared to NaF dentifrices with respect to preventing bacterial adhesion and pH decreases. NSF and NaF dentifrices showed the same ability to avoid enamel demineralization corroborated by the OCT images. The NSF formulation had a better antibacterial effect compared to NaF dentifrices and similar action on the demineralization of enamel indicating their potential effectiveness to prevent caries.
| S-EPMC5964412 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesSurface conditioning of enamel and dentin is a key step during adhesive restorative procedures and strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of five α-hydroxy-acids (AHAs) as enamel and dentin surface etchants.MethodsEnamel and dentin specimens were prepared from human molars to determine the depth of demineralization by optical profilometry (Δz), the resin bond strength to enamel and dentin (μTBS), the micro-permeability of dentin-resin interfaces, and the gelatinolytic activity of dentin matrix induced by AHAs [glycolic (GA), lactic (LA), citric (CA), malic (MI) and tartaric (TA)] and controls [phosphoric (PA) and maleic (MA)]. All acids were prepared at 35% concentration. Adhesion studies employed Adper Single Bond Plus bonding system. Data were individually processed and analyzed by ANOVA, post-hoc tests and Pearson correlations (α = 0.05).ResultsAHA exhibited statistically lower depth of demineralization of enamel and dentin (average 4 fold) than controls (p < 0.001). In enamel, MA and PA etching resulted in higher μTBS than AHA groups (p < 0.001). In dentin, GA, TA, CI and LA etching resulted in statistically similar μTBS than PA (p < 0.05). The hybrid-layer (HL) thickness and interfacial micro-permeability intensity were statistically lower for AHA groups (p < 0.05). A significant positive correlation was observed between the intensity of micro-permeability and the thickness of HL (p < 0.05). AHA etchants elicited lower dentin enzymatic activity than controls (p < 0.05).SignificanceAHAs effectively etched enamel and dentin surfaces. In particular, GA and TA resulted in suitable μTBS and sealing ability as well as induced less gelatinolytic activity in dentin than PA and MA.
| S-EPMC6513690 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To determine the chemical composition of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) by several analysis techniques and to compare the efficacy of GCE and its main component(s) in inhibition of enamel demineralization, for the development of future anticaries agents, main organic composition of GCE was qualitatively determined by liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Inorganic ions were tested by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy and F was especially measured by ion chromatography. Then, bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into four treatment groups and were subjected to a pH-cycling regime for 12 times. Each cycle included 5-min applications with one of four treatments: 4 g⋅L(-1) GCE solution, 4 g⋅L(-1) gallic acid (GA) solution, 1 g⋅L(-1) NaF solution (positive control), deionized water (DDW, negative control), and then 60-min application in pH 5.0 acidic buffer and 5-min application in neutral buffer. Acidic buffers were retained for calcium analysis. The main organic composition of GCE were GA and its isomer, and, to a lesser extent, small molecule gallotannins. The content of GA in GCE was 71.3%±0.2% (w/w). Inorganic ions were present in various amounts, of which Ca was (136±2.82) µg⋅g(-1), and Zn was (6.8±0.1) µg⋅g(-1). No F was detected in GCE. In pH cycling, GA showed an effect similar to GCE in inhibiting enamel demineralization (P>0.05). GA was found to be the main effective, demineralization inhibiting component of GCE and could be a promising agent for the development of anticaries agents.
| S-EPMC3464986 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVES:To assess and compare the enamel surface quality after interproximal enamel reduction (IPR) was performed with different systems and to study the relation between acid penetration depth and enamel surface quality as well as the importance of remineralization. METHODS:Sixty-five extracted teeth were randomly allocated to five experimental groups: untreated control, manual with New Metal Strips, mechanical with oscillating segment (OS) discs, Safe-Tipped Bur Kit, and the Ortho-Strip, followed by 30 s of polishing with the Softflex system and the Compo-system after treating the tooth with OS discs. Mesial surfaces were demineralized for 24 h and distal surfaces were subjected to interchanging demineralization and remineralization cycles of 24 h each for 18 days. The analysis was carried out by profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and polarization microscopy. RESULTS:After IPR and polishing, enamel roughness was reduced for all systems tested except for the Essix Safe-Tipped Bur Kit. Subsequent demineralization increased enamel roughness in all groups except controls beyond the original level prior to IPR except for IPR with New Metal Strips or Ortho-Strips and subsequent polishing. Cyclic demineralization and remineralization for 18 days yielded a reduction in acid penetration depth and an increase in surface smoothness, which correlated with each other only for controls and treatment with New Metal Strips or Ortho-Strips. CONCLUSIONS:Manual IPR, using New Metal Strips and, even more, the oscillating IPR system Ortho-Strips, yielded smoother interproximal enamel surfaces and less acid penetration depth than the IPR systems with OS discs and the Safe-Tipped Bur Kit after polishing and 18 days of cyclic demineralization and remineralization. Irrespective of the IPR procedure, proper remineralization of IPR-treated surfaces is advisable to reduce caries susceptibility.
| S-EPMC7051074 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genetic studies have shown that variations in enamel formation genes are associated with caries susceptibility. The aim of this study was to test in vitro whether variants in these genes are associated with dental enamel demineralization in a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model. DNA and enamel samples were obtained from 213 individuals. DNA was extracted from saliva, and 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms were analyzed. The physical and chemical properties of sound enamel samples and the mineral loss and the lesion depth of the demineralized enamel samples under cariogenic challenge were analyzed. Microhardness, enamel chemicals, mineral loss and demineralization depth were compared between different genotypes at each single nucleotide polymorphism. The GG genotype of TUFT1 (rs17640579) and the GT genotype of MMP20 (rs1612069) exhibited increased microhardness (p = 0.044 and 0.016, respectively). The GG genotype of AMBN (rs7694409) had a higher magnesium level, while the CT genotype of TFIP11 (rs2097470) had a lower magnesium level (p = 0.044 and 0.046, respectively). The GT genotype of MMP20 (rs1612069) had a higher calcium level (p = 0.034). The GG genotype of AMBN (rs13115627), the AG genotype of ENAM (rs12640848) and the AA genotype of MMP20 (rs2292730) had a lower phosphorus level (p = 0.012, 0.006, and 0.023, respectively). The GG genotype of AMBN (rs13115627) was also associated with a higher calcium-phosphorus ratio (p = 0.034). Individuals with the CC genotype of TFIP11 (rs134143) exhibited significantly more mineral loss (p = 0.011) and a deeper lesions (p = 0.042). Individuals with the TT genotype of TFIP11 (rs2097470) had more mineral loss (p = 0.018). Individuals with the GG genotype of TUFT1 (rs17640579) exhibited a shallower demineralization depth (p = 0.047). Individuals with the GT genotype of MMP20 (rs1612069) exhibited a shallower demineralization depth (p = 0.042). Individuals with the GG genotype of ENAM (rs12640848) exhibited less mineral loss (p = 0.01) and a shallower demineralization depth (p = 0.03). Genetic variations in TFIP11, TUFT1, MMP20, and ENAM influenced enamel demineralization in a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model.
| S-EPMC5670349 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study investigated the caries-preventive effect of 445 nm laser radiation in combination with fluoride on the prevention of white spot lesions. Previously, several studies have indicated the ability of 488 nm argon ion laser irradiation to reduce early enamel demineralization. A diode laser (445 nm) could be an alternative technology for possible caries-preventive potential. Each sample of a group of seventeen caries-free bovine teeth was treated in four different ways on four different zones of the labial surface: control/no treatment (C), laser irradiation only (L) (0.3 W, 60 s and applied dose of 90 J/cm2), amine fluoride application only (10,000 ppm and pH 3.9) (F), and amine fluoride application followed by laser irradiation (FL). After treatment, the teeth were subjected to a demineralization solution (pH 4.3 for 48 h at 37 °C) to induce subsurface lesions. After sectioning, the teeth were examined by light microscopy. Three teeth were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The depths of the subsurface lesions in the C, L, F, and FL groups were 103.01 (± 13.04), 96.99 (± 14.51), 42.59 (± 17.13), and 24.35 (± 11.38) ?m, respectively. The pairwise group comparison showed the following results: p < 0.001 for FL versus C, FL versus L, F versus C, and F versus L, p = 0.019 for FL versus F and p = 0.930 for L versus C. The SEM micrographs support the light-microscopic examination. The results of the current study have shown that using relatively low irradiation settings of 445 nm laser on fluoridated enamel may be effective for prevention of white spot lesions.
| S-EPMC7413416 | biostudies-literature
Project description:This study was conducted to evaluate if extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) are used by Streptococcus mutans (Sm) biofilm during night starvation, contributing to enamel demineralization increasing occurred during daily sugar exposure. Sm biofilms were formed during 5 days on bovine enamel slabs of known surface hardness (SH). The biofilms were exposed to sucrose 10% or glucose + fructose 10.5% (carbohydrates that differ on EPS formation), 8x/day but were maintained in starvation during the night. Biofilm samples were harvested during two moments, on the end of the 4th day and in the morning of the 5th day, conditions of sugar abundance and starvation, respectively. The slabs were also collected to evaluate the percentage of surface hardness loss (%SHL). The biofilms were analyzed for EPS soluble and insoluble and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), viable bacteria (CFU), biofilm architecture and biomass. pH, calcium and acid concentration were determined in the culture medium. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test or Student's t-test. The effect of the factor carbohydrate treatment for polysaccharide analysis was significant (p < 0.05) but not the harvest moment (p > 0.05). Larger amounts of soluble and insoluble EPS and IPS were formed in the sucrose group when compared to glucose + fructose group (p < 0.05), but they were not metabolized during starvation time (S-EPS, p = 0.93; I-EPS, p = 0.11; and IPS = 0.96). Greater enamel %SHL was also found for the sucrose group (p < 0.05) but the demineralization did not increase during starvation (p = 0.09). In conclusion, the findings suggest that EPS metabolization by S. mutans during night starvation do not contribute to increase enamel demineralization occurred during the daily abundance of sugar.
| S-EPMC5513492 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVES:To compare the effects of stannous (Sn) and fluoride (F) ions and their combination on acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) protein composition (proteome experiment), and protection against dental erosion (functional experiment). METHODS:In the proteome experiment, bovine enamel specimens were incubated in whole saliva supernatant for 24h for AEP formation. They were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=10), according to the rinse treatment: Sn (800ppm/6.7mM, SnCl2), F (225ppm/13mM, NaF), Sn and F combination (Sn+F) and deionized water (DIW, negative control). The specimens were immersed 3× in the test rinses for 2min, 2h apart. Pellicles were collected, digested, and analyzed for protein content using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In the functional experiment, bovine enamel specimens (n=10) were similarly treated for pellicle formation. Then, they were subjected to a five-day erosion cycling model, consisting of 5min erosive challenges (15.6 mM citric acid, pH 2.6, 6×/d) and 2min treatment with the rinses containing Sn, F or Sn+F (3×/d). Between the treatments, all specimens were incubated in whole saliva supernatant. Surface loss was determined by profilometry. RESULTS:Our proteome approach on bovine enamel identified 72 proteins that were common to all groups. AEP of enamel treated with Sn+F demonstrated higher abundance for most of the identified proteins than the other groups. The functional experiment showed reduction of enamel surface loss for Sn+F (89%), Sn (67%) and F (42%) compared to DIW (all significantly different, p<0.05). CONCLUSION:This study highlighted that anti-erosion rinses (e.g. Sn+F) can modify quantitatively and qualitatively the AEP formed on bovine enamel. Moreover, our study demonstrated a combinatory effect that amplified the anti-erosive protection on tooth surface.
| S-EPMC4452394 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Orthodontic treatments often lead to biofilm buildup and white spot lesions due to enamel demineralization. The objectives of this study were to develop a novel bioactive orthodontic cement to prevent white spot lesions, and to determine the effects of cement compositions on biofilm growth and acid production. 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) were incorporated into a resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGI). Enamel shear bond strength (SBS) was determined. Protein adsorption was determined using a micro bicinchoninic acid method. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to investigate metabolic activity, colony-forming units (CFU) and lactic acid production. Incorporating 3% of MPC, 1.5% of DMAHDM, and 0.1% of NAg into RMGI, and immersing in distilled water at 37 °C for 30 days, did not decrease the SBS, compared to control (p > 0.1). RMGI with 3% MPC + 1.5% DMAHDM + 0.1% NAg had protein amount that was 1/10 that of control. RMGI with triple agents (MPC + DMAHDM + NAg) had much stronger antibacterial property than using a single agent or double agents (p < 0.05). Biofilm CFU on RMGI with triple agents was reduced by more than 3 orders of magnitude, compared to commercial control. Biofilm metabolic activity and acid production were also greatly reduced. In conclusion, adding MPC + DMAHDM + NAg in RMGI substantially inhibited biofilm viability and acid production, without compromising the orthodontic bracket bond strength to enamel. The novel bioactive cement is promising for orthodontic applications to hinder biofilms and plaque buildup and enamel demineralization.
| S-EPMC5456814 | biostudies-other