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Monitoring HIV Prevention Programme Outcomes among Key Populations in Kenya: Findings from a National Survey.

ABSTRACT: In preparation for the implementation of the Kenya AIDS Strategic Framework 2014/15-2018/19, the Kenya National AIDS and STI Control Programme facilitated a national polling booth survey as part of a baseline assessment of HIV-related risk behaviours among FSWs, MSM, and PWID, and their utilization of existing preventive interventions, as well as structural factors that may influence KPs' vulnerability to HIV. The survey was conducted among "key populations" (female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs) to understand current HIV risk and prevention behaviours, utilization of existing programmes and services, and experiences of violence. In total, 3,448 female sex workers, 1,308 men who have sex with men, and 690 people who inject drugs were randomly selected to participate in polling booth survey sessions from seven priority sites. Survey responses were aggregated and descriptive statistics derived. In general, reported condom use among all key populations was quite high with paying clients, and lower with regular, non-paying partners. Many participants reported unavailability of condoms or clean injecting equipment within the past month. Exposure to, and utilization of, existing HIV prevention services varied significantly among the groups, and was reported least commonly by female sex workers. Encouragingly, approximately three-quarters of all key population members reported receiving an HIV test in the past three months. All key population groups reported experiencing high levels of physical and sexual violence from partners/clients, and/or arrest and violence by law enforcement officials. Although some of the findings are encouraging, there is room for improvement in HIV prevention programmes and services for key populations across Kenya.

SUBMITTER: Bhattacharjee P

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4552164 | biostudies-other | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:IntroductionHIV prevention cascades have emerged as a programme management and monitoring tool that outlines the sequential steps of an HIV prevention programme. We describe the application of an HIV combination prevention programme cascade framework to monitor and improve HIV prevention interventions for female sex workers (FSWs) in Kenya.MethodsTwo data sources were analysed: (1) annual programme outcome surveys conducted using a polling booth survey methodology in 2017 among 4393 FSWs, and (2) routine programme monitoring data collected by (a) 92 implementing partners between July 2017 and June 2018, and (b) Learning Site in Mombasa (2014 to 2015) and Nairobi (2013). We present national, sub-national and implementing partner level cascades.ResultsAt the national level, the population size estimates for FSW were 133,675 while the programme coverage targets were 174,073. Programme targets as denominator, during the period 2017 to 2018, 156,220 (90%) FSWs received peer education and contact, 148,713 (85%) received condoms and 83,053 (48%) received condoms as per their estimated need. At the outcome level, 92% of FSWs used condoms at the last sex with their client but 73% reported consistent condom use. Although 96% of FSWs had ever tested for HIV, 85% had tested in the last three months. Seventy-nine per cent of the HIV-positive FSWs were enrolled in HIV care, 73% were currently enrolled on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 52% had attended an ART clinic in the last month. In the last six months, 48% of the FSWs had experienced police violence but 24% received violence support. National and sub-national level cascades showed proportions of FSWs lost at each step of programme implementation and variability in programme achievement. Hotspot and sub-population level cascades, presented as examples, demonstrate development and use of these cascades at the implementation level.ConclusionsHIV prevention programme cascades, drawing on multiple data sources to provide an understanding of gaps in programme outputs and outcomes, can provide powerful information for monitoring and improving HIV prevention programmes for FSWs at all levels of implementation and decision-making. Complexity of prevention programmes and the paucity of consistent data can pose a challenge to development of these cascades.

Project description:ObjectivesDisrespectful and poor treatment of newborns such as unnecessary separation from parents or failure to obtain parental consent for medical procedures occurs at health facilities across contexts, but little research has investigated the prevalence, risk factors or associated outcomes. This study examined these experiences and associations with healthcare satisfaction, use and breast feeding.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting3 public hospitals, 2 private hospitals, and 1 health centre/dispensary in Nairobi and Kiambu counties in Kenya.ParticipantsData were collected from women who delivered in health facilities between September 2019 and January 2020. The sample included 1014 women surveyed at baseline and at least one follow-up at 2-4 or 10 weeks post partum. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Outcomes related to satisfaction with care and care utilisation; (2) continuation of post-discharge newborn care practices such as breast feeding.Results17.6% of women reported newborn separation at the facility, of whom 71.9% were separated over 10 min. 44.9% felt separation was unnecessary and 8.4% reported not knowing the reason for separation. 59.9% reported consent was not obtained for procedures on their newborn. Women separated from their newborn (>10 min) were 44% less likely to be exclusively breast feeding at 2-4 weeks (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.56, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.76). Obtaining consent for newborn procedures corresponded with 2.7 times greater likelihood of satisfaction with care (aOR=2.71, 95% CI: 1.67 to 4.41), 27% greater likelihood of postpartum visit attendance for self or newborn (aOR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.55), and 33% greater likelihood of exclusive breast feeding at 10 weeks (aOR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.62).ConclusionsNewborns, mothers and families have a right to high-quality, respectful care, including the ability to stay together, be informed and properly consent for care. The implications of these experiences on health outcomes a month or more after discharge illustrate the importance of a positive experience of postnatal care.

Project description:INTRODUCTION:People Living with HIV (PLHIV) bear a disproportionate burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Despite their significant toll across populations globally, the NCD burden among key populations (KP) in Kenya remains unknown. The burden of four NCD-categories (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes) was evaluated among female sex workers (FSWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) at the Sex Workers Outreach Program (SWOP) clinics in Nairobi Kenya. METHODS:A retrospective medical chart review was conducted at the SWOP clinics among KP clients ?15 years living with HIV enrolled between October 1, 2012 and September 30, 2015. The prevalence of the four NCD-categories were assessed at enrollment and during subsequent routine quarterly follow-up care visits as per the Ministry of Health guidelines. Prevalence at enrollment was determined and distributions of co-morbidities assessed using Chi-square and t-tests as appropriate during follow-up visits. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to identify factors associated with NCD diagnoses. RESULTS:Overall, 1,478 individuals' records were analyzed; 1,392 (94.2%) were from FSWs while 86 (5.8%) were from MSM over the three-year period. FSWs' median age was 35.3 years (interquartile range (IQR) 30.1-41.6) while MSM were younger at 26.8 years (IQR 23.2-32.1). At enrollment into the HIV care program, most KPs (86.6%) were at an early WHO clinical stage (stage I-II) and 1462 (98.9%) were on first-line anti-retroviral therapy (ART). A total of 271, 18.3% (95% CI: 16.4-20.4%), KPs living with HIV had an NCD diagnosis in their clinical chart records during the study period. Majority of these cases, 258 (95.2%) were noted among FSWs. Cardiovascular disease that included hypertension was present in 249/271, 91.8%, of KPs with a documented NCD. Using a proxy of two or more elevated blood pressure readings taken < 12 months apart, prevalence of hypertension rose from 1.0% (95% CI: 0.6-1.7) that was documented in the charts during the first year to 16.3% (95% CI: 14.4-18.3) in the third year. Chronic respiratory disease mainly asthma was present in 16/271, a prevalence of 1.1% (95% CI: 0.6-1.8) in the study population. Cancer in general was detected in 10/271, prevalence of 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3-1.2) over the same period. Interestingly, diabetes was not noted in the study group. Lastly, significant associations between NCD diagnosis with increasing age, body-mass index and CD4 + cell-counts were noted in univariate analysis. However, except for categories of ? BMI 30 kg/m2 and age ? 45, the associations were not sustained in adjusted risk estimates. CONCLUSION:In Kenya, KP living with HIV and on ART have a high prevalence of NCD diagnoses. Multiple NCD risk factors were also noted against a backdrop of a changing HIV epidemic in the study population. This calls for scaling up focus on both HIV and NCD prevention and care in targeted populations at increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission. Hence, KP programs could include integrated HIV-NCD screening and care in their guidelines.

Project description:BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus is preventable through lifestyle intervention. Diabetes prevention programmes (DPPs) aim to deliver prevention-based behaviour change interventions to reduce incidence. Such programmes vary from usual primary care in terms of where, how, and by whom they are delivered. Implementation is therefore likely to face new commissioning, incentive and delivery challenges. We report on the implementation of a national DPP in NHS England, and identify lessons learned in addressing the implementation challenges.MethodsIn 2017/18, we conducted 20 semi-structured telephone interviews covering 16 sampled case sites with the designated lead(s) responsible for local implementation of the programme. Interviews explored the process of implementation, including organisation of the programme, expectations and attitudes to the programme, funding, target populations and referral and clinical pathways. We drew on constant comparative methods to analyse the data and generate over-arching themes. We complemented our qualitative data with a survey focused on variation in the financial incentives used across sites to ensure usual primary care services recruited patients to new providers.ResultsWe identified five over-arching areas of learning for implementing this large-scale programme: 1) managing new providers; 2) promoting awareness of services; 3) recruiting patients; 4) incentive payments; and 5) mechanisms for sharing learning. In general, tensions appeared to be caused by a lack of clear roles/responsibilities between hierarchical actors, and lack of communication. Both local sites and the national NHS coordination team gained experience through learning by doing. Initial tensions with roles and expectations have been worked out during implementation.ConclusionsImplementing a national disease prevention programme is a major task, and one that will be increasingly faced by health systems globally as they aim to adjust to demand pressures. We provide practical learning opportunities for the wider uptake and sustainability of prevention programmes. Future implementers might wish to define clear responsibilities for each actor prior to implementation, ensure early engagement with new providers, offer mechanisms/forums for sharing learning, generate evidence and provide advice on incentive payments, and prioritise public and professional awareness of the programme.

Project description:OBJECTIVES:We explore the hypothesis that using illicit drugs other than, or in addition to, cannabis is associated with sexual risk behaviour and sexual health outcomes in the British population. METHODS:We analysed data, separately by gender, reported by sexually-active participants (those reporting > = 1 partners/past year) aged 16-44 years (3,395 men, 4,980 women) in Britain's third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3), a probability survey undertaken 2010-12 involving computer-assisted personal-interview and computer-assisted self-interview. Analyses accounted for the stratification, clustering and weighting of the data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS:Use of illicit drugs other than, or in addition to, cannabis in the past year was reported by 11.5% (95%CI:10.4%-12.8%) of men and 5.5% (4.8%-6.3%) of women. Use of these types of drugs was more common among those <35 years, those who reported poor general and/or sexual health behaviours, e.g. binge drinking > = weekly (age-adjusted ORs, aAORs, 10.91 (6.27-18.97) men; 9.95 (6.11-16.19) women); having > = 2 condomless partners in the past year (aAOR:5.50 (3.61-8.39) men; 5.24 (3.07-8.94) women). Participants reporting illicit drug use were more likely (than those who did not) to report sexual health clinic attendance (ORs after adjusting for age, sexual identity and partner numbers: 1.79 (1.28-2.51) men; 1.99 (1.34-2.95) women), chlamydia testing (1.42 (1.06-1.92) men; 1.94 (1.40-2.70) women), unplanned pregnancy (2.93 (1.39-6.17) women), and among men only, sexually transmitted infection diagnoses (3.10 (1.63-5.89)). CONCLUSIONS:In Britain, those reporting recent illicit drug use were more likely to report other markers of poor general and sexual health. They were also more likely to attend sexual health clinics so these should be considered appropriate settings to implement holistic interventions to maximise health gain.

Project description:INTRODUCTION:HIV prevention strategies often include outreach to female sex workers at social venues identified as places where people meet new sexual partners. Patrons and staff at these venues may include female sex workers, their clients, as well as others who have high rates of new sexual partnerships. Few studies have compared HIV/STI among venue-based and general populations, across types of venues, or by sub-group of the venue population. Program planners often assume that the prevalence of infection is highest among female sex workers and considerably lower among other people at these venues, but there are few empiric studies assessing the prevalence of infection by sex worker status and type of venue. METHODS:In 2011, we used the PLACE method to identify public venues where people meet new sexual partners across Jamaica. The study team visited all venues with reported sex work as well as a 10% random sample of other venues and subsequently interviewed and tested a probability sample of 991 venue patrons and workers for HIV and other STI. RESULTS:Community informants identified 1207 venues. All venues where sex work was reported (735 venues) and a random sample of the remainder (134 of 472) were selected for onsite visits. Of these, 585 were found and operational. At a stratified random sample of venues, survey teams interviewed and tested 717 women and 274 men. 394 women reported recent sex work and 211 of these women reported soliciting clients on the street. Women exchanging sex for money were more likely to be infected with HIV (5.4% vs 1.0%; OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 1.8,17.3) or syphilis (11.7% vs. 5.8%, OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.7,4,0) than other women, but not significantly more likely to be infected with gonorrhea (8.4% vs 7.8%; OR = 1.1,95% CI = 0.6,1.9), chlamydia (16.2% vs 21.6%;OR = 0.7,95% CI = 0.5,1.0) or trichomoniasis (23.0% vs 17.0%, OR = 1.5,95% CI = 0.9,2.2). Women at venues were more likely to report sex work and multiple partners than women interviewed in a 2008 national population-based household survey commissioned by the Ministry of Health. CONCLUSIONS:In Jamaica, although the highest HIV prevalence was among street-based sex workers, the risk of HIV and STI extends to men and women at high risk venues, even those who do not self-identify as sex workers. Findings confirm the appropriateness of outreach to all men and women at these venues.

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Monitoring HIV Prevention Programme Outcomes among Key Populations in Kenya: Findings from a National Survey.

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