On putative periodontal pathogens: an epidemiological perspective.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Lopez R
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4601192 | biostudies-other | 2015
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Periodontitis is a polymicrobial inflammatory disease that results from the interaction between the oral microbiota and the host immunity. Although the innate immune response is important for disease initiation and progression, the innate immune receptors that recognize both classical and putative periodontal pathogens that elicit an immune response have not been elucidated. By using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM), we identified multiple predominant oral bacterial species in human plaque biofilm that strongly associate with severe periodontitis. Ten of the identified species were evaluated in greater depth, six being classical pathogens and four putative novel pathogens. Using human peripheral blood monocytes (HPBM) and murine bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from wild-type (WT) and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-specific and MyD88 knockouts (KOs), we demonstrated that heat-killed Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter rectus, Selenomonas infelix, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia mediate high immunostimulatory activity. Campylobacter concisus, C. rectus, and S. infelix exhibited robust TLR4 stimulatory activity. Studies using mesothelial cells from WT and NOD1-specific KOs and NOD2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells demonstrated that Eubacterium saphenum, Eubacterium nodatum and Filifactor alocis exhibit robust NOD1 stimulatory activity, and that Porphyromonas endodontalis and Parvimonas micra have the highest NOD2 stimulatory activity. These studies allowed us to provide important evidence on newly identified putative pathogens in periodontal disease pathogenesis showing that these bacteria exhibit different immunostimulatory activity via TLR4, NOD1, and NOD2 (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01154855).
| S-EPMC4713362 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE:The aim of the present study is to compare and assess the risk of periodontitis due to the presence of four putative periodontopathic bacteria viz., Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. To fulfil the above objective, polymerase Chain reaction using the primers targeting 16S rRNA gene of the bacterial species was performed with the subgingival plaque collected from the permanent first molars of type 1 diabetic children and age matched healthy children. RESULTS:The prevalence of periodontal pathogens in diabetic and healthy children was 6% and 16% for E. corrodens, 18% and 36% for C. rectus, 2% and 2% for P. intermedia, 4% and 0%, for P. nigrescens respectively. Statistically, significant difference was not observed for the prevalence of all the four periodontal pathogens between type 1 diabetic and healthy children (P?=?1.00). The results of the present study thus reveal a negative correlation of type I diabetes to periodontitis in association to Eikenella corrodens, Campylobacter rectus, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens.
| S-EPMC6558758 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Periodontitis is a multi-microbial oral infection with high prevalence among adults. Putative oral pathogens are commonly found in periodontally diseased individuals. However, these organisms can be also detected in the oral cavity of healthy subjects. This leads to the hypothesis, that alterations in the proportion of these organisms relative to the total amount of oral microorganisms, namely their abundance, rather than their simple presence might be important in the transition from health to disease. Therefore, we developed a quantitative molecular method to determine the abundance of various oral microorganisms and the portion of bacterial and archaeal nucleic acid relative to the total nucleic acid extracted from individual samples. We applied quantitative real-time PCRs targeting single-copy genes of periodontal bacteria and 16S-rRNA genes of Bacteria and Archaea. Testing tongue scrapings of 88 matched pairs of periodontally diseased and healthy subjects revealed a significantly higher abundance of P. gingivalis and a higher total bacterial abundance in diseased subjects. In fully adjusted models the risk of being periodontally diseased was significantly higher in subjects with high P. gingivalis and total bacterial abundance. Interestingly, we found that moderate abundances of A. actinomycetemcomitans were associated with reduced risk for periodontal disease compared to subjects with low abundances, whereas for high abundances, this protective effect leveled off. Moderate archaeal abundances were health associated compared to subjects with low abundances. In conclusion, our methodological approach unraveled associations of the oral flora with periodontal disease, which would have gone undetected if only qualitative data had been determined.
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Project description:Opportunist saprotrophic pathogens differ from obligatory pathogens due to their capability in host-independent growth in environmental reservoirs. Thus, the outside-host environment potentially influences host-pathogen dynamics. Despite the socio-economical importance of these pathogens, theory on their dynamics is practically missing. We analyzed a novel epidemiological model that couples outside-host density-dependent growth to host-pathogen dynamics. Parameterization was based on columnaris disease, a major hazard in fresh water fish farms caused by saprotrophic Flavobacterium columnare. Stability analysis and numerical simulations revealed that the outside-host growth maintains high proportion of infected individuals, and under some conditions can drive host extinct. The model can show stable or cyclic dynamics, and the outside-host growth regulates the frequency and intensity of outbreaks. This result emerges because the density-dependence stabilizes dynamics. Our analysis demonstrates that coupling of outside-host growth and traditional host-pathogen dynamics has profound influence on disease prevalence and dynamics. This also has implications on the control of these diseases.
| S-EPMC3511454 | biostudies-other
Project description:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (PD) are chronic inflammatory diseases that appear to occur in tandem. However, the mutual impact PD exerts on RA and vice versa has not yet been defined. To address this issue, we set up an animal model and analyzed how two prime inducers of periodontitis-Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa)-differ in their pathogenic potential. Our experimental setup included collagen induced arthritis (CIA) in the mouse, oral inoculation with Pg or Aa to induce alveolar bone loss and the combination of both diseases in inverted orders of events. Neither pathobiont impacted on macroscopic arthritis and arthritis did not exacerbate alveolar bone loss. However, there were subtle differences between Pg and Aa with the former inducing more alveolar bone loss if PD was induced before CIA. On a molecular level, Pg and Aa led to differential expression patterns in the synovial membranes that were reminiscent of cellular and humoral immune responses, respectively. The Pg and Aa specific signatures in the synovial proteomes suggest a role for oral pathogens in shaping disease subtypes and setting the stage for subsequent therapy response.
| S-EPMC7774964 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundTo date, there is no compilation of evidence-based information associating bacteremia and periodontal procedures. This systematic review aims to assess magnitude, duration, prevalence and nature of bacteremia caused by periodontal procedures.Study designSystematic Review.Types of studies reviewedMEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases were searched in duplicate through August, 2013 without language restriction. Observational studies were included if blood samples were collected before, during or after periodontal procedures of patients with periodontitis. The methodological quality was assessed in duplicate using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS).ResultsSearch strategy identified 509 potentially eligible articles and nine were included. Only four studies demonstrated high methodological quality, whereas five were of medium or low methodological quality. The study characteristics were considered too heterogeneous to conduct a meta-analysis. Among 219 analyzed patients, 106 (49.4%) had positive bacteremia. More frequent bacteria were S. viridans, A. actinomycetemcomitans P. gingivalis, M. micros and species Streptococcus and Actinomyces, although identification methods of microbiologic assays were different among studies.Clinical implicationsAlthough half of the patients presented positive bacteremia after periodontal procedures, accurate results regarding the magnitude, duration and nature of bacteremia could not be confidentially assessed.
| S-EPMC4037200 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The objectives of this investigation were to examine changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a polymicrobial periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. P. gingivalis FDC 381, T. denticola ATCC 35404, and T. forsythia ATCC 43037 was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over the calvaria of BALB/c mice for 3 days, after which the soft tissues and calvarial bones were excised. RNA was isolated from infected soft tissues and calvarial bones and analyzed for transcript profiles using Murine GeneChipM-BM-. MG-MOE430A Affymetrix arrays to provide a molecular profile of the events that occur following infection of these tissues. We used mouse microarrays to detail the molecular profile of the events that occur following infection of calvarial and bone tissues and identified distinct classes of up- and down-regulated genes during this process. P. gingivalis/T. denticola/T. forsythia was injected at 5 x 108 each (N = 10) into the soft tissues overlying the calvaria of the mice for 3 days. A control group (N = 9) was injected with vehicle once daily for 3 days. Mice were euthanized 8 h after the last injection. The calvarial bones and overlying soft tissues from 5 mice in each group were excised, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at M-bM-^@M-^S80M-BM-0C until RNA isolation. Total RNA was isolated from the frozen calvarial tissue and calvarial bone from each mouse (Polymicrobial bacteria infected and control animals, N = 5 in each group) with Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, CA). Equal amounts of RNA from samples were labeled and hybridized on a mouse GeneChip following the protocol described in the GeneChip Expression Analysis Technical manual (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). After hybridization, the GeneChip arrays were stained and scanned in an Affymetrix GCS 3000 7G Scanner.
2014-01-10 | E-GEOD-29670 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:Photobiomodulation (PBM) utilises light energy to treat oral disease, periodontitis. However, there remains inconsistency in the reporting of treatment parameters and a lack of knowledge as to how PBM elicits its molecular effects in vitro. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the potential immunomodulatory effects of blue and near infra-red light irradiation on gingival fibroblasts (GFs), a key cell involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. GFs were seeded in 96-well plates in media + / - Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS 1 μg/ml), or heat-killed Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum, 100:1MOI) or Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis, 500:1MOI). Cultures were incubated overnight and subsequently irradiated using a bespoke radiometrically calibrated LED array (400-830 nm, irradiance: 24 mW/cm2 dose: 5.76 J/cm2). Effects of PBM on mitochondrial activity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays, total reactive oxygen species production (ROS assay) and pro-inflammatory/cytokine response (interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1)) were assessed 24 h post-irradiation. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test. Irradiation of untreated (no inflammatory stimulus) cultures at 400 nm induced 15%, 27% and 13% increases in MTT, ROS and IL-8 levels, respectively (p < 0.05). Exposure with 450 nm light following application of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum or LPS induced significant decreases in TGFβ1 secretion relative to their bacterially stimulated controls (p < 0.001). Following stimulation with P. gingivalis, 400 nm irradiation induced 14% increases in MTT, respectively, relative to bacteria-stimulated controls (p < 0.05). These findings could identify important irradiation parameters to enable management of the hyper-inflammatory response characteristic of periodontitis.
| S-EPMC8593050 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Bacterial pathogens commonly associated with chronic periodontitis are the spirochete Treponema denticola and the Gram-negative, proteolytic species Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia. These species rely on complex anaerobic respiration of amino acids, and the anthelmintic drug oxantel has been shown to inhibit fumarate reductase (Frd) activity in some pathogenic bacteria and inhibit P. gingivalis homotypic biofilm formation. Here, we demonstrate that oxantel inhibited P. gingivalis Frd activity with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 2.2 μM and planktonic growth of T. forsythia with a MIC of 295 μM, but it had no effect on the growth of T. denticola. Oxantel treatment caused the downregulation of six P. gingivalis gene products and the upregulation of 22 gene products. All of these genes are part of a regulon controlled by heme availability. There was no large-scale change in the expression of genes encoding metabolic enzymes, indicating that P. gingivalis may be unable to overcome Frd inhibition. Oxantel disrupted the development of polymicrobial biofilms composed of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola in a concentration-dependent manner. In these biofilms, all three species were inhibited to a similar degree, demonstrating the synergistic nature of biofilm formation by these species and the dependence of T. denticola on the other two species. In a murine alveolar bone loss model of periodontitis oxantel addition to the drinking water of P. gingivalis-infected mice reduced bone loss to the same level as the uninfected control.
| S-EPMC3910723 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The objectives of this investigation were to examine changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a polymicrobial periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. P. gingivalis FDC 381, T. denticola ATCC 35404, and T. forsythia ATCC 43037 was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over the calvaria of BALB/c mice for 3 days, after which the soft tissues and calvarial bones were excised. RNA was isolated from infected soft tissues and calvarial bones and analyzed for transcript profiles using Murine GeneChip® MG-MOE430A Affymetrix arrays to provide a molecular profile of the events that occur following infection of these tissues. We used mouse microarrays to detail the molecular profile of the events that occur following infection of calvarial and bone tissues and identified distinct classes of up- and down-regulated genes during this process.
2014-01-10 | GSE29670 | GEO