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High-performing nonlinear visualization of terahertz radiation on a silicon charge-coupled device.

ABSTRACT: Photoinduced electron transitions can lead to significant changes of the macroscopic electronic properties in semiconductors. This principle is responsible for the detection of light with charge-coupled devices. Their spectral sensitivity is limited by the semiconductor bandgap which has restricted their visualization capabilities to the optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray regimes. The absence of an imaging device in the low frequency terahertz range has severely hampered the advance of terahertz imaging applications in the past. Here we introduce a high-performing imaging concept to the terahertz range. On the basis of a silicon charge-coupled device we visualize 5-13 THz radiation with photon energy under 2% of the sensor's band-gap energy. The unprecedented small pitch and large number of pixels allow the visualization of complex terahertz radiation patterns in real time and with high spatial detail. This advance will have a great impact on a wide range of terahertz imaging disciplines.

SUBMITTER: Shalaby M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4639799 | biostudies-other | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:ObjectivePsychological resilience has been studied in several demanding professions, including the military and competitive sports, yet specific strategies for managing stress are not commonly addressed during surgical training. The objective of this study was to investigate how surgeons view performance under pressure during high-risk surgical steps.DesignUsing constructivist grounded theory, we conducted 12 individual semi-structured interviews with a theoretical sample teaching surgeons, representing 10 different specialties and a range of experience. We drew on Luthar's concept of resilience as positive adaptation, an active and flexible process in which critical choices are made in stressful situations. We asked about both protective and vulnerability factors contributing to resilience in high-risk surgery. We coded transcripts, transforming each category of codes into a visual schematic highlighting our findings related to performance under pressure and resilience, which we transformed into a conceptual model.SettingTruman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, tertiary hospital.ParticipantsTwelve teaching surgeons from 10 different surgical specialties.ResultsMental 3D visualization is necessary for proper preoperative planning, enacting contingency plans in the face of intra-operative challenges, and managing emotions during high-risk surgery. Each of these factors informs staying calm under pressure and is necessary for building long-term surgical resilience. Negotiating challenges in high-risk surgery is contingent upon adapting to risk developed over time through surgical experience, mental 3D visualization, intentionality, and self-reflection.ConclusionsMental 3D visualization informs processes for staying calm under pressure and is essential for building long-term surgical resilience. We recommend that residency curricula offer progressive education on mental 3D visualization and foster intraoperative environments that promote adapting to risk.

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High-performing nonlinear visualization of terahertz radiation on a silicon charge-coupled device.

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