FTO: linking m6A demethylation to adipogenesis.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Ben-Haim MS
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4650590 | biostudies-other | 2015 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:Two human demethylases, the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) enzyme and ALKBH5, oxidatively demethylate abundant N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) residues in mRNA. Achieving a method for selective inhibition of FTO over ALKBH5 remains a challenge, however. Here, we have identified meclofenamic acid (MA) as a highly selective inhibitor of FTO. MA is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug that mechanistic studies indicate competes with FTO binding for the m(6)A-containing nucleic acid. The structure of FTO/MA has revealed much about the inhibitory function of FTO. Our newfound understanding, revealed herein, of the part of the nucleotide recognition lid (NRL) in FTO, for example, has helped elucidate the principles behind the selectivity of FTO over ALKBH5. Treatment of HeLa cells with the ethyl ester form of MA (MA2) has led to elevated levels of m(6)A modification in mRNA. Our collective results highlight the development of functional probes of the FTO enzyme that will (i) enable future biological studies and (ii) pave the way for the rational design of potent and specific inhibitors of FTO for use in medicine.
| S-EPMC4288171 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesIncreasing evidence have demonstrated the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays critical roles in osteoarthritis (OA) progression, but the role of m6A in OA has not been completely illuminated. Herein, we investigated the function and underlying mechanism of m6A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) in OA progression.Materials and methodsThe FTO expression was detected in mice OA cartilage tissues and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated chondrocytes. Gain-of-function assays was used to evaluate the role of FTO in OA cartilage injury in vitro and in vivo. The miRNA-sequencing, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP), luciferase reporter assay, and in vitro pri-miRNA processing assays were conducted to confirm that FTO modulated the pri-miR-3591 process in an m6A-dependent manner and then the binding sites of miR-3591-5p with PRKAA2.ResultsFTO was outstandingly downregulated in LPS-stimulated chondrocytes and OA cartilage tissues. FTO overexpression enhanced the proliferation, suppressed apoptosis, and decreased degradation of extracellular matrix in LPS-induced chondrocytes, whereas FTO knockdown contributed to the opposite effects. In vivo animal experiments showed that FTO overexpression markedly alleviated OA mice cartilage injury. Mechanically, FTO-mediated m6A demethylation of pri-miR-3591 leaded to a maturation block of miR-3591-5p, which relieved the inhibitory effect of miR-3591-5p on PRKAA2 and then promoted the increase of PRKAA2, thereby alleviating OA cartilage damage.ConclusionsOur results attested that FTO alleviated the OA cartilage damage by mediating FTO/miR-3591-5p/PRKAA2 axis, which provided fresh insights into the therapeutic strategies for OA.
| S-EPMC10067311 | biostudies-literature
Project description:N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA and associated with numerous cellular processes in health and disease. Up- and down-regulation of its "writer" or "eraser" proteins alter the global m6A level; however, modifying distinct m6A sites has remained elusive. We genetically fused the dioxygenase FTO responsible for m6A demethylation to RCas9 as an RNA-targeting module. The resulting RCas9-FTO retained demethylation activity and bound to RNA in a sequence-specific manner depending on the sgRNA and PAMmer. Using SCARLET analysis, we quantified the m6A level at a specific site and analyzed the effect of the PAM-to-m6A distance on activity. Sequence-specific demethylation by RCas9-FTO was tested on different RNA combinations and showed up to 15-fold sequence preference for target RNA compared to off-target RNA. Taken together, RCas9-FTO represents a new tool for sequence-specific demethylation of m6A in RNA that can be readily adapted to any given RNA sequence and opens the door to studying the function of distinct m6A sites.
| S-EPMC6800472 | biostudies-literature
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) acts as the most common mRNA modification in mammal cells. Fat Mass and Obesity-associated protein (FTO) is the firstly identified demethylase in the m6A modification. This research tries to discover the potential roles of FTO in the m6A modification in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). FTO level was found to be up-regulated in the HCC tissue and cells. The over-expression of FTO was correlated to the poor prognosis of HCC individuals. Knockdown of FTO suppressed the proliferation and in vivo tumor growth, and induced the G0/G1 phase arrest. Mechanically, FTO triggered the demethylation of PKM2 mRNA and accelerated the translated production. Overall, this finding suggests the critical function of FTO in the HCC oncogenesis and its m6A modification.
| S-EPMC6789218 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The role of Fat Mass and Obesity-associated protein (FTO) and its substrate N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA processing and adipogenesis remains largely unknown. We show that FTO expression and m6A levels are inversely correlated during adipogenesis. FTO depletion blocks differentiation and only catalytically active FTO restores adipogenesis. Transcriptome analyses in combination with m6A-seq revealed that gene expression and mRNA splicing of grouped genes are regulated by FTO. M6A is enriched in exonic regions flanking 5'- and 3'-splice sites, spatially overlapping with mRNA splicing regulatory serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein exonic splicing enhancer binding regions. Enhanced levels of m6A in response to FTO depletion promotes the RNA binding ability of SRSF2 protein, leading to increased inclusion of target exons. FTO controls exonic splicing of adipogenic regulatory factor RUNX1T1 by regulating m6A levels around splice sites and thereby modulates differentiation. These findings provide compelling evidence that FTO-dependent m6A demethylation functions as a novel regulatory mechanism of RNA processing and plays a critical role in the regulation of adipogenesis.
| S-EPMC4260349 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We identified the major RNA binding protein-SFPQ as a direct interaction partner of FTO. Our study showed that FTO and SFPQ were located in close proximity throughout the transcriptome and overexpression of SFPQ led to the demethylation of adjacent N6-methyladenosine on RNA
2019-03-19 | GSE128443 | GEO
Project description:The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene plays a pivotal role in regulating body weight and fat mass; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that primary adipocytes and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from FTO overexpression (FTO-4) mice exhibit increased potential for adipogenic differentiation, while MEFs derived from FTO knockout (FTO-KO) mice show reduced adipogenesis. As predicted from these findings, fat pads from FTO-4 mice fed a high-fat diet show more numerous adipocytes. FTO influences adipogenesis by regulating events early in adipogenesis, during the process of mitotic clonal expansion. The effect of FTO on adipogenesis appears to be mediated via enhanced expression of the pro-adipogenic short isoform of RUNX1T1, which enhanced adipocyte proliferation, and is increased in FTO-4 MEFs and reduced in FTO-KO MEFs. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insight into how upregulation of FTO leads to obesity.
| S-EPMC4410642 | biostudies-literature
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification on mammalian messenger RNA (mRNA). It is installed by a writer complex and can be reversed by erasers such as the fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO). Despite extensive research, the primary physiological substrates of FTO in mammalian tissues and development remain elusive. Here, we show that FTO mediates m6A demethylation of long-interspersed element-1 (LINE1) RNA in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), regulating LINE1 RNA abundance and the local chromatin state, which in turn modulates transcription of LINE1-containing genes. FTO-mediated LINE1 RNA m6A demethylation also plays regulatory roles in shaping chromatin state and gene expression during mouse oocyte and embryonic development. Our results suggest broad effects of LINE1 RNA m6A demethylation by FTO in mammals.
2022-05-05 | GSE151780 | GEO
Project description:N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in mammalian messenger RNA (mRNA). It is installed by writer proteins and can be reversed by erasers. FTO was the first RNA demethylase shown to catalyze oxidative demethylation of m6A in RNA. Despite extensive studies, the main physiological substrates of FTO and the related functional pathways remain elusive in many systems, in particular during early mammalian development. Here, we show that FTO mediates the m6A demethylation of chromosome-associated repeat RNAs in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), especially the long-interspersed element-1 family (LINE1) RNA, thereby affecting their abundances to regulate chromatin state.
2022-05-05 | GSE151704 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an important epigenetic modification involved in RNA stability and translation regulation. Manipulating the expression of RNA m6A methyltransferases or demethylases makes it difficult to study the effect of specific RNA methylation.ResultsIn this study, we report the development of Plant m6A Editors (PMEs) using dLwaCas13a (from L. wadei) and human m6A demethylase ALKBH5 catalytic domain. PMEs specifically demethylates m6A of targeted mRNAs (WUS, STM, FT, SPL3 and SPL9) to increase mRNAs stability. In addition, we discovered that a double ribozyme system can significantly improve the efficiency of RNA editing.ConclusionPMEs specifically demethylates m6A of targeted mRNAs to increase mRNAs stability, suggesting that this engineered tool is instrumental for biotechnological applications.
| S-EPMC10413771 | biostudies-literature