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Correlated compositional and mineralogical investigations at the Chang'e-3 landing site.

ABSTRACT: The chemical compositions of relatively young mare lava flows have implications for the late volcanism on the Moon. Here we report the composition of soil along the rim of a 450-m diameter fresh crater at the Chang'e-3 (CE-3) landing site, investigated by the Yutu rover with in situ APXS (Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer) and VNIS (Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer) measurements. Results indicate that this region's composition differs from other mare sample-return sites and is a new type of mare basalt not previously sampled, but consistent with remote sensing. The CE-3 regolith derived from olivine-normative basaltic rocks with high FeO/(FeO+MgO). Deconvolution of the VNIS data indicates abundant high-Ca ferropyroxene (augite and pigeonite) plus Fe-rich olivine. We infer from the regolith composition that the basaltic source rocks formed during late-stage magma-ocean differentiation when dense ferropyroxene-ilmenite cumulates sank and mixed with deeper, relatively ferroan olivine and orthopyroxene in a hybridized mantle source.

SUBMITTER: Ling Z

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4703877 | biostudies-other | 2015

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Correlated compositional and mineralogical investigations at the Chang'e-3 landing site.

Ling Zongcheng Z Jolliff Bradley L BL Wang Alian A Li Chunlai C Liu Jianzhong J Zhang Jiang J Li Bo B Sun Lingzhi L Chen Jian J Xiao Long L Liu Jianjun J Ren Xin X Peng Wenxi W Wang Huanyu H Cui Xingzhu X He Zhiping Z Wang Jianyu J

Nature communications 20151222

The chemical compositions of relatively young mare lava flows have implications for the late volcanism on the Moon. Here we report the composition of soil along the rim of a 450-m diameter fresh crater at the Chang'e-3 (CE-3) landing site, investigated by the Yutu rover with in situ APXS (Active Particle-induced X-ray Spectrometer) and VNIS (Visible and Near-infrared Imaging Spectrometer) measurements. Results indicate that this region's composition differs from other mare sample-return sites an ...[more]

PMID: 26694712

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Project description:Disorder in the position of the dioxygen ligand is a well-known problem in dioxygen complexes and, in particular, those of picket fence porphyrin species. The dynamics of Fe-O2 rotation and tert-butyl motion in three different picket fence porphyrin derivatives has been studied by a combination of multitemperature X-ray structural studies and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Structural studies show that the motions of the dioxygen ligand also require motions of the protecting pickets of the ligand binding pocket. The two motions appear to be correlated, and the temperature-dependent change in the O2 occupancies cannot be governed by a simple Boltzmann distribution. The three [Fe(TpivPP)(RIm)(O2)] derivatives studied have RIm = 1-methyl-, 1-ethyl-, or 2-methylimidazole. In all three species there is a preferred orientation of the Fe-O2 moiety with respect to the trans imidazole ligand and the population of this orientation increases with decreasing temperature. In the 1-MeIm and 1-EtIm species the Fe-O2 unit is approximately perpendicular to the imidazole plane, whereas in the 2-MeHIm species the Fe-O2 unit is approximately parallel. This reflects the low energy required for rotation of the Fe-O2 unit and the small energy differences in populating the possible pocket quadrants. All dioxygen complexes have a crystallographically required 2-fold axis of symmetry that limits the accuracy of the determined Fe-O2 geometry. However, the 80 K structure of the 2-MeHIm derivative allowed for resolution of the two bonded oxygen atom positions and provided the best geometric description for the Fe-O2 unit. The values determined are Fe-O = 1.811(5) Å, Fe-O-O = 118.2(9)°, O-O = 1.281(12) Å, and an off-axis tilt of 6.2°. Demonstration of the off-axis tilt is a first. We present detailed temperature-dependent simulations of the Mössbauer spectra that model the changing value of the quadrupole splitting and line widths. Residuals to fits are poorer at higher temperature. We believe that this is consistent with the idea that population of the two conformers is related to the concomitant motions of both Fe-O2 rotations and motions of the protecting tert-butyl pickets.

Project description:ObjectivesThe oral microbiota plays a significant role in oral health. The present study aims to characterize variations in the oral microbiota relative to the collection site, the dynamics of biofilm accumulation, and inherent inter-individual differences.MethodsWhole stimulated saliva and tooth biofilm samples from the 16 defined tooth regions were collected after 1, 2, or 3 days without oral hygiene (accumulation time) in six healthy adults with no signs of active caries or periodontal disease. The routines and conditions before and between sample collections were carefully standardized. Genomic DNA was extracted, and the V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were amplified by PCR and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Sequences were quality controlled, amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were clustered, and taxonomic allocation was performed against the expanded Human Oral Microbiome Database (eHOMD). Microbial community profiles were analyzed by multivariate modeling and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method.ResultsThe overall species profile in saliva and tooth biofilm differed between participants, as well as sample type, with a significantly higher diversity in tooth biofilm samples than saliva. On average, 45% of the detected species were shared between the two sample types. The microbiota profile changed from the most anterior to the most posterior tooth regions regardless of whether sampling was done after 1, 2, or 3 days without oral hygiene. Increasing accumulation time led to higher numbers of detected species in both the saliva and region-specific tooth biofilm niches.ConclusionThe present study confirms that the differences between individuals dominate over sample type and the time abstaining from oral hygiene for oral microbiota shaping. Therefore, a standardized accumulation time may be less important for some research questions aiming at separating individuals. Furthermore, the amount of DNA is sufficient if at least two teeth are sampled for microbiota characterization, which allows a site-specific characterization of, for example, caries or periodontitis.

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Correlated compositional and mineralogical investigations at the Chang'e-3 landing site.

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Correlated compositional and mineralogical investigations at the Chang'e-3 landing site.

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