Evaluation of children with ADHD on the Ball-Search Field Task.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rosetti MF
PROVIDER: S-EPMC4726146 | biostudies-other | 2016 Jan
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:PurposeIndividuals with amblyopia are known to have functional vision deficits (e.g., reduced reading speed) in spite of good visual acuity in the nonamblyopic eye. We studied and compared eye movements in children with and without amblyopia to examine how a visual scene is explored during visual search.MethodsChildren (six to 16 years of age) in the control group (n = 14) and cases group with anisometropic amblyopia (n = 23) participated in a visual search study, in which they looked for targets in real-world images displayed on a computer monitor. Eyelink 1000 Plus was used to track the eye movements. Three viewing conditions were randomized: dominant/fellow eye, nondominant/amblyopic eye, and binocular viewing. Visual search performance was measured by combining search time and accuracy.ResultsAs expected, poorer visual search performance was observed in the amblyopic eye when compared to the controls and fellow eye (P < 0.005). However, the reaction time was longer even in binocular and fellow eye viewing conditions than the controls (P < 0.028). Children with amblyopia made more saccades (17 vs. 12, P = 0.007), without the need to fixate longer (P = 0.312), but with more fixations in the target interest area (4.65 vs. 3.14, P = 0.002) when compared to controls. These eye movement patterns were observed in both the fellow eye and binocular viewing conditions.ConclusionsIn spite of good visual acuity in the fellow eye, children with amblyopia needed to sample the scene with more fixations. Even upon gazing at the target location, they made more fixations before confirming a hit. These search patterns suggest a possible narrower spatial visual span to process the visual information in children with amblyopia.
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Project description:In children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) difficulty maintaining task focus may relate to the coordinated, negatively correlated activity between brain networks that support the initiation and maintenance of task sets (task positive networks) and networks that mediate internally directed processes (i.e., the default mode network). Here, resting-state functional connectivity MRI between these networks was examined in ADHD, across development, and in relation to attention. Children with ADHD had reduced negative connectivity between task positive and task negative networks (p = 0.002). Connectivity continues to become more negative between these networks throughout development (7-15 years of age) in children with ADHD (p = 0.005). Regardless of group status, females had increased negative connectivity (p = 0.003). In regards to attentional performance, the ADHD group had poorer signal detection (d') on the continuous performance task (CPT) (p < 0.0001), more so on easy than difficult d' trials (p < 0.0001). The reduced negative connectivity in children with ADHD also relates to their attention, where increased negative connectivity is related to better performance on the d' measure of the CPT (p = 0.008). These results highlight and further strengthen prior reports underscoring the role of segregated system integrity in ADHD.
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Project description:Default mode network (DMN) dysfunction is theorized to play a role in attention lapses and task errors in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In ADHD, the DMN is hyperconnected to task-relevant networks, and both increased functional connectivity and reduced activation are related to poor task performance. The current study extends existing literature by considering interactions between the DMN and task-relevant networks from a brain network perspective and by assessing how these interactions relate to response control. We characterized both static and time-varying functional brain network organization during the resting state in 43 children with ADHD and 43 age-matched typically developing (TD) children. We then related aspects of network integration to go/no-go performance. We calculated participation coefficient (PC), a measure of a region's inter-network connections, for regions of the DMN, canonical cognitive control networks (fronto-parietal, salience/cingulo-opercular), and motor-related networks (somatomotor, subcortical). Mean PC was higher in children with ADHD as compared to TD children, indicating greater integration across networks. Further, higher and less variable PC was related to greater commission error rate in children with ADHD. Together, these results inform our understanding of the role of the DMN and its interactions with task-relevant networks in response control deficits in ADHD.
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Project description:ObjectiveAttentional bias to food cues may be a risk factor for childhood obesity, yet there are few paradigms to measure such biases in young children. Therefore, the present work introduces an eye-tracking visual search task to measure attentional bias in young children.MethodsFifty-one 3-6-year-olds played a game to find a target cartoon character among food (experimental condition) or toy (control condition) distractors. Children completed the experimental and toy conditions on two separate visits in randomized order. Behavioral (response latencies) and eye-tracking measures (time to first fixation, initial gaze duration duration, cumulative gaze duration ) of attention to food and toy cues were computed. Regressions were used to test for attentional bias to food versus toy cues, and whether attentional bias to food cues was related to current BMI z-score.ResultsChildren spent more cumulative time looking at food versus toy distractors and took longer to locate the target when searching through food versus toy distractors. The faster children fixated on their first food versus toy distractor was associated with higher BMI z-scores.ConclusionsUsing a game-based paradigm employing eye-tracking, we found a behavioral attentional bias to food vs. toy distractors in young children. Further, attentional bias to food cues was associated with current BMI z-score.
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