Dataset Information

Low-level arsenic exposure: Nutritional and dietary predictors in first-grade Uruguayan children.

ABSTRACT: Arsenic exposure in children is a public health concern but is understudied in relation to the predictors, and effects of low-level exposure. We examined the extent and dietary predictors of exposure to inorganic arsenic in 5-8 year old children from Montevideo, Uruguay. Children were recruited at school; 357 were enrolled, 328 collected morning urine samples, and 317 had two 24-h dietary recalls. Urinary arsenic metabolites, i.e. inorganic arsenic (iAs), methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-HG-ICP-MS), and the sum concentration (U-As) used for exposure assessment. Proportions of arsenic metabolites (%iAs, %MMA and %DMA) in urine were modelled in OLS regressions as functions of food groups, dietary patterns, nutrient intake, and nutritional status. Exposure to arsenic was low (median U-As: 9.9µg/L) and household water (water As: median 0.45µg/L) was not a major contributor to exposure. Children with higher consumption of rice had higher U-As but lower %iAs, %MMA, and higher %DMA. Children with higher meat consumption had lower %iAs and higher %DMA. Higher scores on "nutrient dense" dietary pattern were related to lower %iAs and %MMA, and higher %DMA. Higher intake of dietary folate was associated with lower %MMA and higher %DMA. Overweight children had lower %MMA and higher %DMA than normal-weight children. In summary, rice was an important predictor of exposure to inorganic arsenic and DMA. Higher meat and folate consumption, diet rich in green leafy and red-orange vegetables and eggs, and higher BMI contributed to higher arsenic methylation capacity.

SUBMITTER: Kordas K

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4821778 | biostudies-other | 2016 May

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Low-level arsenic exposure: Nutritional and dietary predictors in first-grade Uruguayan children.

Kordas Katarzyna K Queirolo Elena I EI Mañay Nelly N Peregalli Fabiana F Hsiao Pao Ying PY Lu Ying Y Vahter Marie M

Environmental research 20160130

Arsenic exposure in children is a public health concern but is understudied in relation to the predictors, and effects of low-level exposure. We examined the extent and dietary predictors of exposure to inorganic arsenic in 5-8 year old children from Montevideo, Uruguay. Children were recruited at school; 357 were enrolled, 328 collected morning urine samples, and 317 had two 24-h dietary recalls. Urinary arsenic metabolites, i.e. inorganic arsenic (iAs), methylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylar ...[more]

PMID: 26828624

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Project description:BackgroundDetoxification of inorganic arsenic (iAs) occurs when it methylates to form monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Lower proportions of urinary iAs and MMA, and higher proportions of DMA indicate efficient methylation. The role of B-vitamins in iAs methylation in children with low-level arsenic exposure is understudied.ObjectivesOur study objective was to assess the association between B-vitamin intake and iAs methylation in children with low-level arsenic exposure (<50 µg/L in water; urinary arsenic 5-50 µg/L).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in 290 ∼7-y-old children in Montevideo. Intake of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 was calculated by averaging 2 nonconsecutive 24-h recalls. Total urinary arsenic concentration was measured as the sum of urinary iAs, MMA, and DMA, and adjusted for urinary specific gravity; iAs methylation was measured as urinary percentage As, percentage MMA, and percentage DMA. Arsenic concentrations from household water sources were assessed. Linear regressions tested the relationships between individual energy-adjusted B-vitamins and iAs methylation.ResultsMedian (range) arsenic concentrations in urine and water were 9.9 (2.2-48.7) and 0.45 (0.1-18.9) µg/L, respectively. The median (range) of urinary percentage iAs, percentage MMA, and percentage DMA was 10.6% (0.0-33.8), 9.7% (2.6-24.8), and 79.1% (58.5-95.4), respectively. The median (range) intake levels of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B-6 were 0.81 (0.19-2.56), 1.0 (0.30-2.24), 8.6 (3.5-23.3), and 0.67 (0.25-1.73) mg/1000 kcal, respectively, whereas those of folate and vitamin B-12 were 216 (75-466) and 1.7 (0.34-8.3) µg/1000 kcal, respectively. Vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with urinary percentage MMA (β = -1.60; 95% CI: -3.07, -0.15). No other statistically significant associations were observed.ConclusionsAlthough vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with urinary percentage MMA, our findings suggest limited support for a relation between B-vitamin intake and iAs methylation in children exposed to low-level arsenic.

Project description:BackgroundLow-grade albuminuria is an indicator of endothelial dysfunction and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A graded level of exposure to bisphenol A was recently identified to be associated with increased risk of low-grade albuminuria in children and adults. Because bisphenol A and phthalates coexist as dietary contaminants, this study investigated whether exposure to phthalates is also associated with low-grade albuminuria.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsData were examined from 667 children who participated in the 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and who had results for urinary phthalate metabolites and albumin excretion. Urinary albumin and creatinine concentrations were measured in a first morning specimen using a solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay and a Roche/Hitachi Modular P Chemistry Analyzer with an enzymatic method, respectively. Phthalate metabolites were analyzed in a separate spot urine sample from each participant, using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy.ResultsFor each (roughly) 3-fold increase in metabolites of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (a high molecular weight phthalate commonly found in foods), a 0.55 mg/g increase in albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was identified (P=0.02), whereas a 1.30-fold odds of a higher ACR quartile was also identified for each (roughly) 3-fold increase (P=0.02). Higher ACR was not identified in relationship to metabolites of lower molecular phthalates commonly found in lotions or shampoos, suggesting specificity.ConclusionsAlthough reverse causation and unmeasured confounders represent alternative explanations, these findings, in conjunction with our earlier data on bisphenol A, indicate that a wide array of environmental toxins may adversely affect albuminuria and potentially increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. In view of the potential long-term health implications of ongoing exposure in this vulnerable subpopulation, our data support both further study and renewed regulatory efforts to limit exposure during childhood.

Project description:Following an official request to EFSA from the European Commission, EFSA assessed the chronic dietary exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) in the European population. A total of 13,608 analytical results on iAs were considered in the current assessment (7,623 corresponding to drinking water and 5,985 to different types of food). Samples were collected across Europe between 2013 and 2018. The highest mean dietary exposure estimates at the lower bound (LB) were in toddlers (0.30 ?g/kg body weight (bw) per day), and in both infants and toddlers (0.61 ?g/kg bw per day) at the upper bound (UB). At the 95th percentile, the highest exposure estimates (LB-UB) were 0.58 and 1.20 ?g/kg bw per day in toddlers and infants, respectively. In general, UB estimates were two to three times higher than LB estimates. The mean dietary exposure estimates (LB) were overall below the range of benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL 01) values of 0.3-8 ?g/kg bw per day established by the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain in 2009. However, for the 95th percentile dietary exposure (LB), the maximum estimates for infants, toddlers and other children were within this range of BMDL 01 values. Across the different age classes, the main contributors to the dietary exposure to iAs (LB) were 'Rice', 'Rice-based products', 'Grains and grain-based products (no rice)' and 'Drinking water'. Different ad hoc exposure scenarios (e.g. consumption of rice-based formulae) showed dietary exposure estimates in average and for high consumers close to or within the range of BMDL 01 values. The main uncertainties associated with the dietary exposure estimations refer to the impact of using the substitution method to treat the left-censored data (LB-UB differences), to the lack of information (consumption and occurrence) on some iAs-containing ingredients in specific food groups, and to the effect of food preparation on the iAs levels. Recommendations were addressed to improve future dietary exposure assessments to iAs.

Dataset Information

Low-level arsenic exposure: Nutritional and dietary predictors in first-grade Uruguayan children.

Publications

Low-level arsenic exposure: Nutritional and dietary predictors in first-grade Uruguayan children.

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