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The changing faces of cholangitis.

ABSTRACT: A variety of diseases are included under the umbrella term 'cholangitis', including hepatobiliary diseases with an autoimmune pathogenesis (such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and IgG4-associated sclerosing cholangitis) and disease processes associated with intraductal stones and infectious etiologies (such as ascending bacterial cholangitis, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, and liver fluke-associated cholangitis). Recent advances in the pathophysiologic bases of these disorders, particularly with respect to the autoimmune variety, are allowing improved diagnosis and prognostication as well as providing the opportunity to refine and re-imagine treatment modalities. The aim of this review is to highlight selected advances in cholangitis research that point to novel insights into the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this diverse array of disorders.

SUBMITTER: Lee SP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4916985 | biostudies-other | 2016

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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The changing faces of cholangitis.

Lee Sum P SP Roberts Joseph R JR Kuver Rahul R

F1000Research 20160617

A variety of diseases are included under the umbrella term 'cholangitis', including hepatobiliary diseases with an autoimmune pathogenesis (such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and IgG4-associated sclerosing cholangitis) and disease processes associated with intraductal stones and infectious etiologies (such as ascending bacterial cholangitis, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, and liver fluke-associated cholangitis). Recent advances in the pathophysiologic bases of ...[more]

PMID: 27347393

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Project description:BackgroundWhile humans (like other primates) communicate with facial expressions, the evolution of speech added a new function to the facial muscles (facial expression muscles). The evolution of speech required the development of a coordinated action between visual (movement of the lips) and auditory signals in a rhythmic fashion to produce "visemes" (visual movements of the lips that correspond to specific sounds). Visemes depend upon facial muscles to regulate shape of the lips, which themselves act as speech articulators. This movement necessitates a more controlled, sustained muscle contraction than that produced during spontaneous facial expressions which occur rapidly and last only a short period of time. Recently, it was found that human tongue musculature contains a higher proportion of slow-twitch myosin fibers than in rhesus macaques, which is related to the slower, more controlled movements of the human tongue in the production of speech. Are there similar unique, evolutionary physiologic biases found in human facial musculature related to the evolution of speech?Methodology/prinicipal findingsUsing myosin immunohistochemistry, we tested the hypothesis that human facial musculature has a higher percentage of slow-twitch myosin fibers relative to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We sampled the orbicularis oris and zygomaticus major muscles from three cadavers of each species and compared proportions of fiber-types. Results confirmed our hypothesis: humans had the highest proportion of slow-twitch myosin fibers while chimpanzees had the highest proportion of fast-twitch fibers.Conclusions/significanceThese findings demonstrate that the human face is slower than that of rhesus macaques and our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. They also support the assertion that human facial musculature and speech co-evolved. Further, these results suggest a unique set of evolutionary selective pressures on human facial musculature to slow down while the function of this muscle group diverged from that of other primates.

Dataset Information

The changing faces of cholangitis.

Publications

The changing faces of cholangitis.

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