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Thermal reaction norms can surmount evolutionary constraints: comparative evidence across leaf beetle species.

ABSTRACT: One of the leitmotifs of the ecophysiological research on ectotherms is the variation and evolution of thermal reaction norms for biological rates. This long-standing issue is crucial both for our understanding of life-history diversification and for predicting the phenology of economically important species. A number of properties of the organism's thermal phenotype have been identified as potential constraints on the evolution of the rate-temperature relationship. This comparative study addresses several such constraints by testing whether the actual interspecific variation of thermal reaction norms across nearly hundred leaf beetle species agrees with the expected patterns. The results show that developmental rate and its temperature-dependent parameters are similar in closely related species and that the variation pattern depends on the taxonomic scale, the thermal reaction norms being mostly parallel for the representatives of distant subclades but intersecting more often farther down the phylogenetic tree. The parallel shift disagrees with the putative ubiquity of a positive slope-threshold relationship, whereby thermal reaction norms should normally intersect, and even more contradicts with the common-intersection hypothesis. The ability to develop in cooler conditions is not traded off at higher temperatures, which is an exception to the "warmer is better" principle. A comparison of high- and low-quality data indicates that some of these discrepancies with earlier findings may stem from a likely presence of noise in previous analyses, which may have affected the variation patterns observed. Overall, the failure to support the universality of the predicted patterns suggests that the evolution of thermal reaction norms in leaf beetles has largely overcome the hypothesized constraints.

SUBMITTER: Kutcherov D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC4979698 | biostudies-other | 2016 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Thermal reaction norms can surmount evolutionary constraints: comparative evidence across leaf beetle species.

Kutcherov Dmitry D

Ecology and evolution 20160612 14

One of the leitmotifs of the ecophysiological research on ectotherms is the variation and evolution of thermal reaction norms for biological rates. This long-standing issue is crucial both for our understanding of life-history diversification and for predicting the phenology of economically important species. A number of properties of the organism's thermal phenotype have been identified as potential constraints on the evolution of the rate-temperature relationship. This comparative study addres ...[more]

PMID: 27547304

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Project description:Local adaptation and its underlying molecular basis has long been a key focus in evolutionary biology. There has recently been increased interest in the evolutionary role of plasticity and the molecular mechanisms underlying local adaptation. Using transcriptome analysis, we assessed differences in gene expression profiles for three brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations, one resident and two anadromous, experiencing different temperature regimes in the wild. The study was based on an F2 generation raised in a common garden setting. A previous study of the F1 generation revealed different reaction norms and significantly higher QST than FST among populations for two early life-history traits. In the present study we investigated if similar reaction norm patterns were present at the transcriptome level. Eggs from the three populations were incubated at two temperatures (5 and 8 degrees C) representing conditions encountered in the local environments. Global gene expression for fry at the stage of first feeding was analysed using a 32k cDNA microarray. The results revealed differences in gene expression between populations and temperatures and population M-CM-^W temperature interactions, the latter indicating locally adapted reaction norms. Moreover, the reaction norms paralleled those observed previously at early life-history traits. We were able to identify 90 cDNA clones among the genes with an interaction effect that were differently expressed between the ecologically divergent populations. These included genes involved in immune- and stress response. We observed less plasticity in the resident as compared to the anadromous populations, possibly reflecting that the degree of environmental heterogeneity encountered by individuals throughout their life cycle will select for variable level of phenotypic plasticity at the transcriptome level. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of transcriptome approaches to identify genes with different temperature reaction norms. The responses observed suggest that populations may vary in their susceptibility to climate change. Brown trout populations from three rivers in Denmark were studied: the Karup (KAR), Norring Moellebaek (NOR) and Lilleaa Rivers (LIL). These rivers experience different temperature regimes during the period lasting from egg incubation until fry emergence. During the autumn of 2004 and the winter of 2004/2005, adults from the three populations were collected by electro fishing. The fish were stripped for milt and eggs to establish an F1 generation. In autumn/winter 2008/2009, mature F1s were used to establish F2 offspring for each of the three populations. For KAR and LIL, 20 full-sib families were established, whereas for NOR, 15 full-sib families were established. Eggs from each full sib family were divided into two pools that were incubated at 5 and 8M-BM-!C in separate hatching troughs. At the time of first feeding (ca. 750-780 day-degrees), 10 individuals from each family and temperature were collected and transferred to separate tubes containing RNAlater (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). A 32K cDNA microarray developed for salmonids by cGRASP was used for the analyses. Ten families were randomly selected from each population. From each family two individuals were analyzed for each temperature (5 and 8oC, respectively), amounting to a total of 120 individuals. Of the two individuals from each temperature treatment within a family, one was labeled with CY5 and the other with CY3. For each family there were two comparisons of individuals representing different temperatures, but with dyes swapped between comparisons.

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Thermal reaction norms can surmount evolutionary constraints: comparative evidence across leaf beetle species.

Publications

Thermal reaction norms can surmount evolutionary constraints: comparative evidence across leaf beetle species.

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