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Neuromodulatory effects of offline low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

ABSTRACT: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) can modulate cortical excitability and is thought to influence activity in other brain areas. In this study, we investigated the anatomical and functional effects of rTMS of M1 and the time course of after-effects from a 1-Hz subthreshold rTMS to M1. Using an "offline" functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-rTMS paradigm, neural activation was mapped during simple finger movements after 1-Hz rTMS over the left M1 in a within-subjects repeated measurement design, including rTMS and sham stimulation. A significant decrease in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal due to right hand motor activity during a simple finger-tapping task was observed in areas remote to the stimulated motor cortex after rTMS stimulation. This decrease in BOLD signal suggests that low frequency subthreshold rTMS may be sufficiently strong to elicit inhibitory modulation of remote brain regions. In addition, the time course patterns of BOLD activity showed this inhibitory modulation was maximal approximately 20?minutes after rTMS stimulation.

SUBMITTER: Min YS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5081540 | biostudies-other | 2016 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Neuromodulatory effects of offline low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Min Yu-Sun YS Park Jang Woo JW Jin Seong Uk SU Jang Kyung Eun KE Lee Byung-Joo BJ Lee Hui Joong HJ Lee Jongmin J Lee Yang-Soo YS Chang Yongmin Y Jung Tae-Du TD

Scientific reports 20161027

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) can modulate cortical excitability and is thought to influence activity in other brain areas. In this study, we investigated the anatomical and functional effects of rTMS of M1 and the time course of after-effects from a 1-Hz subthreshold rTMS to M1. Using an "offline" functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-rTMS paradigm, neural activation was mapped during simple finger movements after 1-Hz rTMS over the ...[more]

PMID: 27786301

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Project description:BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has the potential to treat brain disorders by modulating the activity of disease-specific brain networks, yet the rTMS frequencies used are delivered in a binary fashion - excitatory (>1 Hz) and inhibitory (≤1 Hz).ObjectiveTo assess the effective connectivity of the motor network at different rTMS stimulation rates during positron-emission tomography (PET) and confirm that not all excitatory rTMS frequencies act on the motor network in the same manner.MethodsWe delivered image-guided, supra-threshold rTMS at 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz and rest (in separate randomized sessions) to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the lightly anesthetized baboon during PET imaging. Each rTMS/PET session was analyzed using normalized cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Path analysis - using structural equation modeling (SEM) - was employed to determine the effective connectivity of the motor network at all rTMS frequencies. Once determined, the final model of the motor network was used to assess any differences in effective connectivity at each rTMS frequency.ResultsThe exploratory SEM produced a very well fitting final network model (χ(2) = 18.04, df = 21, RMSEA = 0.000, p = 0.647, TLI = 1.12) using seven nodes of the motor network. 5 Hz rTMS produced the strongest path coefficients in four of the seven connections, suggesting that this frequency is the optimal rTMS frequency for stimulation the motor network (as a whole); however, the premotor cerebellum connection was optimally stimulated at 10 Hz rTMS and the supplementary motor area caudate connection was optimally driven at 15 Hz rTMS.Conclusion(s)We have demonstrated that 1) 5 Hz rTMS revealed the strongest path coefficients (i.e. causal influence) on the nodes of the motor network, 2) stimulation at "excitatory" rTMS frequencies did not produce increased CBF in all nodes of the motor network, 3) specific rTMS frequencies may be used to target specific none-to-node interactions in the stimulated brain network, and 4) more research needs to be performed to determine the optimum frequency for each brain circuit and/or node.

Dataset Information

Neuromodulatory effects of offline low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Publications

Neuromodulatory effects of offline low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

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