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The Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Complications in Diabetes.

ABSTRACT: Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus can cause retino pathy and maculopathy, which can irreversibly damage vision and lead to blindness. The prevalence of retinopathy is 9-16% in patients with type 2 diabetes and 24-27% in patients with type 1 diabetes. 0.2-0.5% of diabetics are blind.The National Disease Management Guideline on the prevention and treatment of retinal complications in diabetes was updated according to recommendations developed by seven scientific medical societies and organizations and by patient representatives and then approved in a formal consensus process. These recommendations are based on international guidelines and systematic reviews of the literature.Regular ophthalmological examinations enable the detection of retinopathy in early, better treatable stages. The control intervals should be based on the individual risk profile: 2 years for low-risk patients and 1 year for others, or even shorter depending on the severity of retinopathy. General risk factors for retinopathy include the duration of diabetes, the degree of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and diabetic nephropathy. The general, individually adapted treatment strategies are aimed at improving the risk profile. The most important specifically ophthalmological treatment recommendations are for panretinal laser coagulation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and, in case of clinically significant diabetic macular edema with foveal involvement, for the intravitreal application of medications (mainly, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] inhibitors), if an improvement of vision with this treatment is thought to be possible.Regular, risk-adapted ophthalmological examinations, with standardized documentation of the findings for communication between ophthalmologists and the patients' treating primary care physicians/diabetologists, is essential for the prevention of diabetic retinal complications, and for their optimal treatment if they are already present.

SUBMITTER: Schorr SG

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5241793 | biostudies-other | 2016 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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The Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Complications in Diabetes.

Schorr Susanne Gabriele SG Hammes Hans-Peter HP Müller Ulrich Alfons UA Abholz Heinz-Harald HH Landgraf Rüdiger R Bertram Bernd B

Deutsches Arzteblatt international 20161201 48

<h4>Background</h4>Microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus can cause retino pathy and maculopathy, which can irreversibly damage vision and lead to blindness. The prevalence of retinopathy is 9-16% in patients with type 2 diabetes and 24-27% in patients with type 1 diabetes. 0.2-0.5% of diabetics are blind.<h4>Methods</h4>The National Disease Management Guideline on the prevention and treatment of retinal complications in diabetes was updated according to recommendations developed by se ...[more]

PMID: 28073426

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Project description:The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes has prompted numerous studies and public health efforts to reduce its development. A variety of interventions, including lifestyle modifications and pharmacological agents directed at ameliorating the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes, are of proven efficacy in reducing the development of type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance. While prevention of the hyperglycaemia characteristic of diabetes is arguably an important, clinically relevant outcome, a more compelling outcome with greater clinical significance is the prevention or reduction of the relatively diabetes-specific microvascular and less-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications associated with diabetes. These complications cause the majority of morbidity and excess mortality associated with diabetes. Any reduction in diabetes should, logically, also reduce the occurrence of its long-term complications; however, most diabetes prevention trials have not been of sufficient duration to allow such an evaluation. The limited long-term data, largely from the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study (DQDPS) and the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and their respective follow-up studies (DQDPOS and DPPOS), suggest a reduction in microvascular complications and amelioration of CVD risk factors. Only the DQDPOS and Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (STOP-NIDDM) studies have shown a reduction in CVD events and only DQDPOS has demonstrated a decrease in CVD and overall mortality. While these limited data are promising, whether diabetes prevention directly reduces complication-related morbidity and mortality remains unclear. Longer follow-up of prevention studies is needed to supplement the limited current clinical trial data, to help differentiate the effects of diabetes prevention itself from the means used to reduce diabetes development and to understand the balance among benefits, risks and costs of prevention.

Project description:BackgroundIntensive diabetes treatment reduces the risk of developing albuminuria in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Effects on the long-term clinical course of kidney disease remain to be defined. We aimed to compare the long-term effects of intensive versus conventional treatment on incident albuminuria.MethodsFor this long-term follow-up study of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) we assessed the effect of intensive diabetes treatment on albuminuria during 18 years after the completion of the trial. During the DCCT (1983-1993), 1441 participants with type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to receive either intensive treatment (with the goal of achieving levels of glycaemia as close to the non-diabetic range as safely possible) or conventional treatment (aimed at prevention of symptoms of hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia). At the end of the DCCT, all participants were instructed in intensive treatment, and all participants were invited to join the observational Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study. Mean HbA1c during the EDIC study was similar in the two groups of patients who differed in their treatment assignment during the DCCT. Albumin excretion rate was measured every other year during the EDIC study. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin excretion rate of 30 mg per 24 h or higher on two consecutive study visits and macroalbuminuria as an albumin excretion rate of 300 mg per day or higher. We estimated glomerular filtration rate from annual serum creatinine measurements throughout DCCT and the EDIC study. The DCCT is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00360815, and the EDIC study, with number NCT00360893.FindingsDuring years 1-18 of EDIC, we noted 191 new cases of microalbuminuria (71 in the group receiving intensive treatment during DCCT and 120 in the group receiving conventional treatment during DCCT; risk reduction 45%, 95% CI 26-59) and 117 new cases of macroalbuminuria (31 intensive, 86 conventional; 61%, 41-74). At year 17-18 of EDIC, the prevalence of albumin excretion rate of 30 mg per 24 h or higher was 18·4% in participants assigned to intensive treatment during the DCCT, compared with 24·9% in participants assigned to conventional treatment (p=0·02). During years 1-18 of EDIC, we recorded 84 cases of sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate lower than 60 mL/min per 1·73m(2) (31 intensive, 53 conventional; risk reduction 44%, 95% CI 12-64).InterpretationIn individuals with type 1 diabetes, intensive diabetes treatment yields durable renal benefits that persist for at least 18 years after its application. Ultimately, such benefits should result in fewer patients requiring renal replacement therapy.FundingNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease.

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The Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Complications in Diabetes.

Publications

The Prevention and Treatment of Retinal Complications in Diabetes.

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