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Microstructural Evolution of Dy₂O₃-TiO₂ Powder Mixtures during Ball Milling and Post-Milled Annealing.

ABSTRACT: The microstructural evolution of Dy₂O₃-TiO₂ powder mixtures during ball milling and post-milled annealing was investigated using XRD, SEM, TEM, and DSC. At high ball-milling rotation speeds, the mixtures were fined, homogenized, nanocrystallized, and later completely amorphized, and the transformation of Dy₂O₃ from the cubic to the monoclinic crystal structure was observed. The amorphous transformation resulted from monoclinic Dy₂O₃, not from cubic Dy₂O₃. However, at low ball-milling rotation speeds, the mixtures were only fined and homogenized. An intermediate phase with a similar crystal structure to that of cubic Dy₂TiO₅ was detected in the amorphous mixtures annealed from 800 to 1000 °C, which was a metastable phase that transformed to orthorhombic Dy₂TiO₅ when the annealing temperature was above 1050 °C. However, at the same annealing temperatures, pyrochlore Dy₂Ti₂O₇ initially formed and subsequently reacted with the remaining Dy₂O₃ to form orthorhombic Dy₂TiO₅ in the homogenous mixtures. The evolutionary mechanism of powder mixtures during ball milling and subsequent annealing was analyzed.

SUBMITTER: Huang J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5344541 | biostudies-other | 2016 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Project description:Transcript profiles of Postia placenta grown on media containing ball-milled aspen or ball-milled pine as the sole carbon source were analyzed. Array design was based on the DoE's Joint Genome Institute's gene models for P. placenta version 1. The research goal is to identtify genes essential for cellulose depolymerization. From a data set of 12,438 unique alleles, each NimbleGen (Madison, WI) array featured 10 unique 60mers per gene, all in triplicate. The dataset was manually annotated to include only the ‘best allelic model’ among CAZY-encoding genes. Total RNA was purified from medium containing ball-milled aspen or ball-milled pine as the sole carbon source. Three biological replicates per medium were used (6 separate arrays). RNA was converted to double-strand cDNA and labeled with the Cy3 fluorophore sample for hybridization to the Postia placenta MAD-698 whole genome expression array by Roche NimbleGen (Iceland). In brief, 10ug of total RNA was incubated with 1X first strand buffer, 10 mM DTT, 0.5mM dNTPs, 100 pM oligo T7 d(T)24 primer, and 200 units of SuperScript II (Invitrogen) for 60 min at 42°C. Second strand cDNA was synthesized by incubation with 1X second strand buffer, 0.2mM dNTPs, 0.07 units per ul DNA ligase (Invitrogen), 0.27 units per ul DNA polymerase I (Invitrogen), 0.013 units per ul RNase H (Invitrogen), at 16°C for 2 hours. Immediately following, 10 units T4 DNA polymerase (Invitrogen) was added for additional 5 minute incubation at 16°C. Double-stranded cDNA was treated with 27ng/ul of RNase A (EpiCenter Technologies) for 10 minutes at 37°C. Treated cDNA was purified using an equal volume of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (Ambion), ethanol precipitated, washed with 80% ethanol, and resuspended in 20ul water. One ug of each cDNA sample was amplified and labeled with 1 unit per ul of Klenow Fragment (New England BioLabs) and 1 O.D unit of Cy3 fluorophore (TriLink Biotechnologies, Inc.) for 2 hours at 37°C. Array hybridization was carried out with 6ug of labeled cDNA suspended in NimbleGen hybridization solution for 17 hours at 42°C.

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Microstructural Evolution of Dy₂O₃-TiO₂ Powder Mixtures during Ball Milling and Post-Milled Annealing.

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