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Ferroelectric Domain Structure and Local Piezoelectric Properties of Lead-Free (Ka0.5Na0.5)NbO₃ and BiFeO₃-Based Piezoelectric Ceramics.

ABSTRACT: Recent advances in the development of novel methods for the local characterization of ferroelectric domains open up new opportunities not only to image, but also to control and to create desired domain configurations (domain engineering). The morphotropic and polymorphic phase boundaries that are frequently used to increase the electromechanical and dielectric performance of ferroelectric ceramics have a tremendous effect on the domain structure, which can serve as a signature of complex polarization states and link local and macroscopic piezoelectric and dielectric responses. This is especially important for the study of lead-free ferroelectric ceramics, which is currently replacing traditional lead-containing materials, and great efforts are devoted to increasing their performance to match that of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). In this work, we provide a short overview of the recent progress in the imaging of domain structure in two major families of ceramic lead-free systems based on BiFeO₃ (BFO) and (Ka0.5Na0.5)NbO₃ (KNN). This can be used as a guideline for the understanding of domain processes in lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and provide further insight into the mechanisms of structure-property relationship in these technologically important material families.

SUBMITTER: Alikin D

PROVIDER: S-EPMC5344613 | biostudies-other | 2017 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other

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Heterogeneity Challenges in Multiple-Element-Modified Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics.

Project description:We report on a heterogeneity study, down to the atomic scale, on a representative multiple-element-modified ceramic based on potassium sodium niobate (KNN): 0.95(Na0.49K0.49Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3-0.05CaZrO3 with 2 wt % MnO2. We show that different routes for incorporating the MnO2 (either before or after the calcination step) affect the phase composition and finally the functionality of the material. According to X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analyses, the ceramics consist of orthorhombic and tetragonal perovskite phases together with a small amount of Mn-rich secondary phase. The addition of MnO2 after the calcination results in better piezoelectric properties, corresponding to a ratio between the orthorhombic and tetragonal perovskite phases that is closer to unity. We also show, using microscopy techniques combined with analytical tools, that Zr-rich, Ta-rich and Mn-rich segregations are present on the nano and atomic levels. With this multi-scale analysis approach, we demonstrate that the functional properties are sensitive to minor modifications in the synthesis route, and consequently to different material properties on all scales. We believe that detecting and learning how to control these modifications will be a step forward in overcoming the irreproducibility problems with KNN-based materials.

| S-EPMC6947271 | biostudies-literature

Micro-Area Ferroelectric, Piezoelectric and Conductive Properties of Single BiFeO₃ Nanowire by Scanning Probe Microscopy.

Project description:Ferroelectric nanowires have attracted great attention due to their excellent physical properties. We report the domain structure, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and conductive properties of bismuth ferrite (BFO, short for BiFeO₃) nanowires characterized by scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern presents single phase BFO without other obvious impurities. The piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) results indicate that the nanowires possess a multidomain configuration, and the maximum piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of single BFO nanowire is 22.21 pm/V. Poling experiments and local switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy (SS-PFM) demonstrate that there is sufficient polarization switching behavior and obvious piezoelectric properties in BFO nanowires. The conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) results show that the current is just hundreds of pA at 8 V. These lay the foundation for the application of BFO nanowires in nanodevices.

| S-EPMC6409863 | biostudies-literature

Sintering of Lead-Free Piezoelectric Sodium Potassium Niobate Ceramics.

Project description:The potassium sodium niobate, K0.5Na0.5NbO₃, solid solution (KNN) is considered as one of the most promising, environment-friendly, lead-free candidates to replace highly efficient, lead-based piezoelectrics. Since the first reports of KNN, it has been recognized that obtaining phase-pure materials with a high density and a uniform, fine-grained microstructure is a major challenge. For this reason the present paper reviews the different methods for consolidating KNN ceramics. The difficulties involved in the solid-state synthesis of KNN powder, i.e., obtaining phase purity, the stoichiometry of the perovskite phase, and the chemical homogeneity, are discussed. The solid-state sintering of stoichiometric KNN is characterized by poor densification and an extremely narrow sintering-temperature range, which is close to the solidus temperature. A study of the initial sintering stage revealed that coarsening of the microstructure without densification contributes to a reduction of the driving force for sintering. The influences of the (K + Na)/Nb molar ratio, the presence of a liquid phase, chemical modifications (doping, complex solid solutions) and different atmospheres (i.e., defect chemistry) on the sintering are discussed. Special sintering techniques, such as pressure-assisted sintering and spark-plasma sintering, can be effective methods for enhancing the density of KNN ceramics. The sintering behavior of KNN is compared to that of a representative piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT).

| S-EPMC5458861 | biostudies-other

Enhancement of Local Photovoltaic Current at Ferroelectric Domain Walls in BiFeO<sub>3</sub>.

Project description:Domain walls, which are intrinsically two dimensional nano-objects exhibiting nontrivial electronic and magnetic behaviours, have been proven to play a crucial role in photovoltaic properties of ferroelectrics. Despite this recognition, the electronic properties of domain walls under illumination until now have been accessible only to macroscopic studies and their effects upon the conduction of photovoltaic current still remain elusive. The lack of understanding hinders the developing of nanoscale devices based on ferroelectric domain walls. Here, we directly characterize the local photovoltaic and photoconductive properties of 71° domain walls on BiFeO3 thin films with a nanoscale resolution. Local photovoltaic current, proven to be driven by the bulk photovoltaic effect, has been probed over the whole illuminated surface by using a specially designed photoelectric atomic force microscopy and found to be significantly enhanced at domain walls. Additionally, spatially resolved photoconductive current distribution reveals a higher density of excited carriers at domain walls in comparison with domains. Our measurements demonstrate that domain wall enhanced photovoltaic current originates from its high conduction rather than the internal electric field. This photoconduction facilitated local photovoltaic current is likely to be a universal property of topological defects in ferroelectric semiconductors.

| S-EPMC5380211 | biostudies-literature

The Effect of Niobium Doping on the Electrical Properties of 0.4(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO₃-0.6BiFeO₃ Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics.

Project description:Ceramics in the system (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO₃-BiFeO₃ have good electromechanical properties and temperature stability. However, the high conductivity inherent in BiFeO₃-based ceramics complicates measurement of the ferroelectric properties. In the present work, doping with niobium (Nb) is carried out to reduce the conductivity of (Bi0.5K0.5)TiO₃-BiFeO₃. Powders of composition 0.4(K0.5Bi0.5)Ti1-xNbxO₃-0.6BiFe1-xNbxO₃ (x = 0, 0.01 and 0.03) are prepared by the mixed oxide method and sintered at 1050 °C for 1 h. The effect of Nb doping on the structure is examined by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure is examined by scanning electron microscopy. The variation in relative permittivity with temperature is measured using an impedance analyzer. Ferroelectric properties are measured at room temperature using a Sawyer Tower circuit. Piezoelectric properties are measured using a d33 meter and a contact type displacement sensor. All the samples have high density, a rhombohedral unit cell and equiaxed, micron-sized grains. All the samples show relaxor-like behavior. Nb doping causes a reduction in conductivity by one to two orders of magnitude at 200 °C. The samples have narrow P-E loops reminiscent of a linear dielectric. The samples all possess bipolar butterfly S-E loops characteristic of a classic ferroelectric material. Nb doping causes a decrease in d33 and Smax/Emax.

| S-EPMC5458834 | biostudies-other

Potassium Sodium Niobate-Based Lead-Free Piezoelectric Multilayer Ceramics Co-Fired with Nickel Electrodes.

Project description:Although lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have been extensively studied, many problems must still be overcome before they are suitable for practical use. One of the main problems is fabricating a multilayer structure, and one solution attracting growing interest is the use of lead-free multilayer piezoelectric ceramics. The paper reviews work that has been done by the authors on lead-free alkali niobate-based multilayer piezoelectric ceramics co-fired with nickel inner electrodes. Nickel inner electrodes have many advantages, such as high electromigration resistance, high interfacial strength with ceramics, and greater cost effectiveness than silver palladium inner electrodes. However, widely used lead zirconate titanate-based ceramics cannot be co-fired with nickel inner electrodes, and silver palladium inner electrodes are usually used for lead zirconate titanate-based piezoelectric ceramics. A possible alternative is lead-free ceramics co-fired with nickel inner electrodes. We have thus been developing lead-free alkali niobate-based multilayer ceramics co-fired with nickel inner electrodes. The normalized electric-field-induced thickness strain (Smax/Emax) of a representative alkali niobate-based multilayer ceramic structure with nickel inner electrodes was 360 pm/V, where Smax denotes the maximum strain and Emax denotes the maximum electric field. This value is about half that for the lead zirconate titanate-based ceramics that are widely used. However, a comparable value can be obtained by stacking more ceramic layers with smaller thicknesses. In the paper, the compositional design and process used to co-fire lead-free ceramics with nickel inner electrodes are introduced, and their piezoelectric properties and reliabilities are shown. Recent advances are introduced, and future development is discussed.

| S-EPMC5458925 | biostudies-other

Phase Evolution, Filler-Matrix Interactions, and Piezoelectric Properties in Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)-Filled Polymer-Derived Ceramics (PDCs).

Project description:PZT-silsesquioxane-based 0-3 hybrid materials are prepared by mixing lead zirconate titanate (Pb(Zr,Ti)O3; PZT) powder with a [R-SiO3/2]n (R = H, CH3, CH=CH2, C6H5) silsequioxane preceramic polymer. A PZT load up to 55 vol.% can be reached in the final composite. The piezoelectric and mechanical properties are investigated as a function of the filler content and are compared with theoretical models and reference samples made of the pure preceramic polymer or PZT filler. The piezoelectric response of the composites, as expressed by the relative permittivity and the piezoelectric coefficients d33 and g33, increases with an increasing PZT content. The bending strength of the composites ranges between 15 MPa and 31 MPa without a clear correlation to the filler content. The thermal conductivity increases significantly from 0.14 W∙m-1∙K-1 for the pure polymer-derived ceramic (PDC) matrix to 0.30 W∙m-1∙K-1 for a sample containing 55 vol.% PZT filler. From X-ray diffraction experiments (XRD), specific interactions between the filler and matrix are observed; the crystallization of the PDC matrix in the presence of the PZT filler is inhibited; conversely, the PDC matrix results in a pronounced decomposition of the filler compared to the pure PZT material.

| S-EPMC7177491 | biostudies-literature

Domain Engineering in Bulk Ferroelectric Ceramics via Mesoscopic Chemical Inhomogeneity.

Project description:Domain engineering in ferroelectrics endows flexibility for different functional applications. Whereas the domain engineering strategy for single crystals and thin films is diverse, there is only a limited number of strategies for bulk ceramics. Here, a domain engineering strategy for achieving a compact domain architecture with increased domain-wall density in (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN)-based ferroelectric ceramics via mesoscopic chemical inhomogeneity (MCI) is developed. The MCI-induced interfaces can effectively hinder domain continuity and modify the domain configuration. Besides, the MCI effect also results in diffused phase transitions, which is beneficial for achieving enhanced thermal stability. Modulation of chemical inhomogeneity demonstrates great potential for engineering desirable domain configuration and properties in ferroelectric ceramics. Additionally, the MCI can be easily controlled by regulating the processing condition during solid-state synthesis, which is advantageous to industrial production.

| S-EPMC9189658 | biostudies-literature

Dielectric and energy storage properties of Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 doped Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 lead-free glass-ceramics.

Project description:A sol-gel method is employed for preparing high quality lead-free glass-ceramic samples (1 - x)BCZT-xBBS-incorporating Ba0.85Ca0.15Zr0.1Ti0.9O3 (BCZT) powder and Bi2O3-B2O3-SiO2 (BBS) glass-doped additives with different values of x (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15). Systematic investigations are performed to comprehend the structural, dielectric and energy storage characteristics using X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, impedance and ferroelectric analyser methods. With appropriate BBS doping (x), many fundamental traits including breakdown strength, dielectric loss and energy storage density have shown significant improvements. Low doping-level samples x < 0.1 have retained the pure perovskite phase while a second glass phase appeared in samples with x ? 0.1. As the doping level (0.1 ? x > 0) is increased, the average grain size decreased to become better homogeneous materials with improved breakdown energy strengths. Excessive addition of BBS (x = 0.15) causes negative effects on microstructures and other traits. The glass-ceramic sample 0.95BCZT-0.05BBS exhibits excellent dielectric permittivity and temperature stability, with the highest energy storage density of 0.3907 J cm-3 at 130 kV cm-1. These results provide good reference to develop lead-free ceramics of high energy storage density.

| S-EPMC7540749 | biostudies-literature

Large Electrocaloric Effect in Relaxor Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Lanthanum Doped Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics.

Project description:Both relaxor ferroelectric and antiferroelectric materials can individually demonstrate large electrocaloric effects (ECE). However, in order to further enhance the ECE it is crucial to find a material system, which can exhibit simultaneously both relaxor ferroelectric and antiferroelectric properties, or easily convert from one into another in terms of the compositional tailoring. Here we report on a system, in which the structure can readily change from antiferroelectric into relaxor ferroelectric and vice versa. To this end relaxor ferroelectric Pb0.89La0.11(Zr0.7Ti0.3)0.9725O3 and antiferroelectric Pb0.93La0.07(Zr0.82Ti0.18)0.9825O3 ceramics were designed near the antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase boundary line in the La2O3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 phase diagram. Conventional solid state reaction processing was used to prepare the two compositions. The ECE properties were deduced from Maxwell relations and Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire (LGD) phenomenological theory, respectively, and also directly controlled by a computer and measured by thermometry. Large electrocaloric efficiencies were obtained and comparable with the results calculated via the phenomenological theory. Results show great potential in achieving large cooling power as refrigerants.

| S-EPMC5366905 | biostudies-literature

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