The Use of Psychotropic Drugs During Pregnancy.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Liu D
PROVIDER: S-EPMC5518254 | biostudies-other | 2017 Feb
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-other
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Project description:PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between psychotropic medication use during pregnancy and gestational age at delivery, after adjusting for depressive symptom and perceived stress severity.MethodsWe analyzed data on singleton live births from 2914 female Pregnancy Study Online participants, aged 21 to 45, with a reported conception from 6/2013 to 6/2018. Women reported psychotropic medication use at 8 to 12 weeks' and ~32 weeks' gestation. We measured depressive symptoms using the Major Depressive Inventory and perceived stress using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale. Data on gestational age at delivery were based on self-reports and/or birth certificates. We used restricted mean survival time models, stratifying by severity of depressive symptoms (Major Depression Inventory <25 vs. ≥25) and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale <20 vs. ≥20).ResultsTwo hundred and ten (7.2%) participants reported using psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Mean gestational age at delivery among women who never used psychotropic medications was 38.2 weeks (95% confidence interval: 37.7, 38.7), whereas it was 37.3 weeks (95% confidence interval: 36.7, 37.9) among women who used psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Results were similar across strata of depressive symptoms and perceived stress.ConclusionsOur data indicate that the association between psychotropic medication use and gestational age at delivery is not confounded by indication.
| S-EPMC7736493 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is known to impart relatively higher risks of major congenital malformations, prospective studies have provided refined data that allow us to differentiate the risks of different types and doses of AEDs. As the number of AED prescriptions has dramatically increased in reproductive-aged women with a variety of neuropsychiatric indications, the evolving concepts learned from studies in women with epilepsy can be applied to a much larger group of pregnant women to improve child outcomes while maintaining maternal disease control. In addition to careful selection of the type of medication, the amount of fetal exposure at conception and in the first trimester probably matters across all AEDs. Some AED polytherapy regimens are not associated with a higher risk of malformations, although other outcomes have not yet been formally studied. The individual woman's drug target concentration should be established preconception and maintained during pregnancy, to prevent seizure worsening. Substantial pharmacokinetic changes occur with many of the medications during pregnancy and postpartum, and interindividual variability supports the use of therapeutic drug monitoring for most AEDs. During pregnancy, vigilance and close monitoring should also include intrauterine fetal growth, obstetric complications, and neonatal complications. Breastfeeding can provide additional neurodevelopmental benefit and should be an option for women on AEDs. Knowledge of these key principles enhances our ability to make treatment recommendations with resultant improved maternal and child outcomes. Additional prospective studies are needed to further define the risk-benefit ratio across a variety of medications, dosing strategies, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
| S-EPMC5081129 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo describe the extent of increase in use and the rate of continuation versus discontinuation of psychotropic agents before, during, and after pregnancy.MethodsRates of psychotropic use (antidepressants, anxiolytic/sedative-hypnotics, antiepileptics, antipsychotics, lithium, stimulants) among women with a hospital-recorded pregnancy outcome were assessed using databases at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy. Rate of use was defined as ?1 prescription over the total number of pregnancies in the 3-12 months before pregnancy, 0-3 months before pregnancy, during pregnancy, or 3 months after pregnancy. Continued use was defined as ?2 prescriptions with gap ?14 days. Poisson regression was used to analyze trends.ResultsOver the study period, a psychotropic drug was used before, during, or after pregnancy in 41,923 of 224,762 pregnancies. From 2001 to 2013, psychotropic use increased 1.5-fold from 11.1% to 16.2% ( p < 0.0001) in the 3-12 months before pregnancy, 1.6-fold from 6.4% to 10.5% ( p < 0.0001) in the 3 months before pregnancy, 1.8-fold from 3.3% to 6.0% ( p < 0.0001) during pregnancy, and 1.5-fold from 6.2% to 9.5% ( p < 0.0001) in the 3 months postpartum. Among the 13,579 women who received at least 1 psychotropic agent in the 3 months prior to pregnancy, 38.5% stopped the agent prior to pregnancy and only 10.3% continued use throughout pregnancy. Continued use throughout pregnancy was higher (56.9%) among the 6693 women who received at least 2 prescriptions for a psychotropic agent and were at least 80% adherent in the 3 months prior to pregnancy.ConclusionThe use of psychotropic agents increased over 12 years. The safety of continuing versus discontinuing these agents during pregnancy remains uncertain, but we observed a decrease in psychotropic drug use during the pregnancy period.
| S-EPMC5546669 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To describe patterns of disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) use during pregnancy in a population-based cohort, and to evaluate the association between autoimmune disease, DMARDs, corticosteroids, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and preeclampsia.Using health care utilization databases from British Columbia (1997-2006), we compared the risk for preeclampsia among 44,786 women with and without autoimmune disease with study drug dispensings before pregnancy (past users) and before and during the first 20 gestational weeks (continuous users). Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated.Only 414 women (0.1%) had a DMARD dispensing during pregnancy. The incidence of preeclampsia was 2.3% for past DMARD users, 2.7% for past corticosteroid users, and 2.9% for past NSAID users. Compared to past users, the continuous DMARD user RR was 2.29 (95% CI 0.81-6.44), and was 0.89 (95% CI 0.51-1.56) for corticosteroid and 0.84 (95% CI 0.63-1.10) for NSAID users. Compared to women without autoimmune disease, the delivery year-adjusted RR was 2.02 (95% CI 1.11-3.64) for women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The DMARD results were attenuated when antimalarials were excluded, and the delivery year-adjusted RR was 0.95 (95% CI 0.25-3.55) when the DMARD analysis was restricted to women with autoimmune disease.Few women were exposed to DMARDs during pregnancy. We observed a 2-fold increased risk of preeclampsia among women with SLE and a nonsignificant increase in risk in DMARD users. The DMARD and preeclampsia association was attenuated when antimalarials were excluded and null when restricted to women with autoimmune disease, which suggests the association is likely due to greater autoimmune disease severity in DMARD users.
| S-EPMC3514881 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundA work accident constitutes a shock to health, likely to alter mental states and affect the use of psychotropic drugs. We focus on the use of benzodiazepines, which are a class of drugs commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Prolonged use can lead to dependence. Our objective is to determine the extent to which work accidents lead to benzodiazepine use and overuse (i.e. exceedance of medical guidelines).MethodWe use a two-step selection model (the Heckman method) based on data from the French National Health Data System (Système National des Données de Santé, SNDS). Our study sample includes all general plan members who experienced a single work accident in 2016 (and not since 2007). This sample includes 350,000 individuals in the work accident group and more than 1.1 million people randomly drawn from the population without work accidents from 2007 to 2017 (the non-work accident group).ResultsThe occurrence of a work accident leads to an increase in benzodiazepine use and overuse the following year. The selection model shows a clear influence of the accident on the use probability (+ 39%), but a very slight impact on the risk of overuse among users (+ 1.7%), once considered the selection effect. The effect on overuse risk is higher for more severe accidents and among women.ConclusionThe increase in the risk of benzodiazepine overuse is due to an increase in the likelihood of using benzodiazepines after a work accident that leads to overuse, rather than an increase in likelihood of overuse among people who use benzodiazepines. Results call for targeting the first-time prescription to limit the risk of overuse after a work accident.
| S-EPMC10594863 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveTo describe psychotropic medication administration patterns during inpatient rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury (TBI) and their relation to patient preinjury and injury characteristics.DesignProspective observational cohort.SettingMultiple acute inpatient rehabilitation units or hospitals.ParticipantsIndividuals with TBI (N=2130; complicated mild, moderate, or severe) admitted for inpatient rehabilitation.InterventionsNot applicable.Main outcome measuresNot applicable.ResultsMost frequently administered were narcotic analgesics (72% of sample), followed by antidepressants (67%), anticonvulsants (47%), anxiolytics (33%), hypnotics (30%), stimulants (28%), antipsychotics (25%), antiparkinson agents (25%), and miscellaneous psychotropics (18%). The psychotropic agents studied were administered to 95% of the sample, with 8.5% receiving only 1 and 31.8% receiving ≥6. Degree of psychotropic medication administration varied widely between sites. Univariate analyses indicated younger patients were more likely to receive anxiolytics, antidepressants, antiparkinson agents, stimulants, antipsychotics, and narcotic analgesics, whereas those older were more likely to receive anticonvulsants and miscellaneous psychotropics. Men were more likely to receive antipsychotics. All medication classes were less likely administered to Asians and more likely administered to those with more severe functional impairment. Use of anticonvulsants was associated with having seizures at some point during acute care or rehabilitation stays. Narcotic analgesics were more likely for those with history of drug abuse, history of anxiety and depression (premorbid or during acute care), and severe pain during rehabilitation. Psychotropic medication administration increased rather than decreased during the course of inpatient rehabilitation in each of the medication categories except for narcotics. This observation was also true for medication administration within admission functional levels (defined by cognitive FIM scores), except for those with higher admission FIM cognitive scores.ConclusionsMany psychotropic medications are used during inpatient rehabilitation. In general, lower admission FIM cognitive score groups were administered more of the medications under investigation compared with those with higher cognitive function at admission. Considerable site variation existed regarding medications administered. The current investigation provides baseline data for future studies of effectiveness.
| S-EPMC4516906 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesSecond-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), in conjunction with other psychotropic medications, are increasingly used to treat psychiatric disorders in pregnancy. The few available studies investigating the reproductive safety of SGAs did not reach conclusive results, and none have compared monotherapy with polytherapy involving other psychotropic medications.DesignDescriptive cohort study using a prospectively collected database.SettingMotherisk Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.Participants133 women exposed to SGAs and other psychotropic drugs and 133 matched healthy controls were assessed and analysed. Outcomes of mother-child pairs exposed to SGAs in monotherapy (N=37) were compared with those exposed to SGAs with other psychotropic medications (in polytherapy; N=96).Main outcome measuresMaternal, pregnancy, delivery and neonatal outcomes.Results72% of exposed women received SGAs in polytherapy, and 101 women took their medications throughout pregnancy. These women had significantly higher pre-pregnancy weight, experienced more associated comorbidities and instrumental deliveries, and delivered a greater proportion of large for gestational age neonates. There were no differences in maternal weight gain in pregnancy between the exposed and comparison groups and between the monotherapy-exposed and polytherapy-exposed subgroups. The exposed neonates were more likely to be born premature, were admitted more often to the neonatal intensive care unit, presented with poor neonatal adaptation signs and had higher rates of congenital malformations. All the aforementioned neonatal outcomes were found mainly in the polytherapy subgroup.ConclusionsThe use of SGAs in polytherapy was prevalent in the assessed cohort and was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes for both the mother and the child. In utero exposure to SGA monotherapy appears to be associated with less risk to the fetus. Future research should focus on polytherapy in pregnancy in order to define its reproductive safety and to separate the effects of medication exposure, underlying psychopathology and associated comorbidities.
| S-EPMC3710985 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundLittle is known about the use of psychotropic drugs in older adults receiving domiciliary care. The first aim was to describe the prevalence and persistency of use of psychotropic drugs in older adults (≥ 70 years) with and without dementia receiving domiciliary care. Furthermore, the second aim was to explore factors associated with persistent drug use at two consecutive time-points. Lastly, we aimed to examine if use of psychotropic drugs changed after admission to a nursing home.MethodsIn total, 1001 community-dwelling older adults receiving domiciliary care at inclusion participated in the study. Information about psychotropic drug use was collected at baseline, after 18 months and after 36 months. The participants' cognitive function, neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and physical health were assessed at the same assessments. Participants were evaluated for dementia based on all gathered information. Formal level of care (domiciliary care or in a nursing home) was registered at the follow-up assessments.ResultsPrevalence and persistent use of psychotropic drugs in older adults receiving domiciliary care was high. Participants with dementia more often used antipsychotics and antidepressants than participants without dementia. The majority of the participants using antipsychotic drugs used traditional antipsychotics. Younger age was associated with higher odds for persistent use of antipsychotics and antidepressants, and lower odds for persistent use of sedatives. Severity of NPS was associated with persistent use of antidepressants. The odds for use of antipsychotics and antidepressants were higher in those admitted to a nursing home as compared to the community-dwelling participants at the last follow-up.ConclusionThere was a high prevalence and persistency of use of psychotropic drugs. The prevalence of use of traditional antipsychotics was surprisingly high, which is alarming. Monitoring the effect and adverse effects of psychotropic drugs is an important part of the treatment, and discontinuation should be considered when possible due to the odds for severe adverse effects of such drugs in people with dementia.
| S-EPMC6485106 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionWe aim to understand how patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are treated by identifying in a longitudinal fashion the late-life changes in patients' medical history that precede and follow AD diagnosis.MethodsWe use prescription history of 34,782 patients followed between 1996 and 2019 by French general practitioners. We compare patients with an AD diagnosis, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patients free of mental disorders. We use a generalized mixed-effects model to study the longitudinal changes in the prescription of eight drug types for a period 15 years before diagnosis and 10 years after.ResultsIn the decades preceding diagnosis, we find that future AD patients are treated significantly more than MCI patients with most psychotropic drugs and that most studied drugs are increasingly prescribed with age. At the time of diagnosis, all psychotropic drugs except benzodiazepines show a significant increase in prescription, while other drugs are significantly less prescribed. In the 10 years after diagnosis, nearly all categories of drugs are less and less prescribed including antidementia drugs.DiscussionPre-diagnosis differences between future AD patients and MCI patients may indicate that subtle cognitive changes are recognized and treated as psychiatric symptoms. The disclosure of AD diagnosis drastically changes patients' care, priority being given to the management of psychiatric symptoms. The decrease of all prescriptions in the late stages may reflect treatment discontinuation and simplification of therapeutic procedures. This study therefore provides new insights into the medical practices for management of AD.
| S-EPMC8439142 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and public health measures that took place have led to concerns regarding mental health and receipt of psychotropic medications. We aimed to study the changes in psychotropic medication dispensation rates before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. Methods: Administrative health data from the Canadian province of Manitoba was used to describe the quarterly incidence and prevalence of antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytic/sedative-hypnotics from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2020. Individuals who received at least one prescription within each quarter were considered exposed to the medication. The denominator was the total population within each quarter. Incidence was defined as no receipt of medication in the 3 years prior to the quarter of interest. Autoregression models for time series data plus indicator variables were used to compare each quarter of 2020 after public health measures were implemented in March 2020 in relation to the expected trend. Analyses were stratified by age and sex. Results: There were 1,394,885 individuals in the first quarter of 2020, with a mean (SD) age of 38.9 (23.4) years, 50.3% were female, and 36.1% had a psychiatric diagnosis in the previous 5 years. A significant decrease was observed for incident antidepressant use (p < 0.05 for both sexes and all age groups except for those 65 years and older) and anxiolytic use (p < 0.05 for both sexes and all age groups except 80 years and older) in the second quarter (April-June) of 2020 compared to the expected trend. Females and those aged 40 years and older had a significantly higher incidence of antidepressant and antipsychotic use in the final quarter of 2020 compared to the expected trend (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate a decrease in new prescriptions for antidepressants and anxiolytics in the 3 months after COVID-19 in-person restrictions were first implemented. We then observed an increase in the new use of antidepressants and antipsychotics at the end of 2020, in females and people aged 40 years and older, with the highest rates of use in the population 80 years and older.
| S-EPMC9092447 | biostudies-literature